Chemical Composition, Physical Characteristics, Digestibility and Degradability of Grape Pomace Processed with Neurospora sitophila

محورهای موضوعی : Camel

O. Dayani ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
A. Ghiasi ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
R. Tahmasbi ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1392/09/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1392/11/26 تاریخ انتشار : 1393/09/10

کلید واژه: degradability, grape pomace, Neurospora sitophla,

چکیده مقاله :

The nutritive values of non- processed and processed grape pomace with Neurospora sitophila were evaluated. The chemical compositions and physical characteristics of samples were evaluated by laboratory analysis. An in vitro digestibility experiment was done to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and also digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) content of grape pomace samples. In addition, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) disappearance of samples were determined by an in situ method by using 9 bags for each sample at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation and their kinetics were described using the equation P= a + b(1−e−ct). The nutritive value index (NVI) of samples was calculated using the equation; NVI= a + 0.4b + 200c. The collected data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The average total phenolic compounds and extractable tannins, NDF, water holding capacity, soluble dry matter and digestion coefficients of DM, OM and DOMD were decreased (P<0.05) by processing of grape pomace, but percentage of CP, ash, acid detergent lignin, functional specific gravity, bulk density; effective degradability and NVI of DM, OM, CP were increased (P<0.05). After processing, water-soluble portion (a) for DM, OM and CP were increased, but the slow degradation rate and degradation rate of b were decreased (P<0.05). It can be concluded that, processing of this by product with Neurospora sitophila, increased protein content and decreased its tannins and phenols and therefore will improve the efficiency of using grape pomace in animals nutrition.

چکیده انگلیسی:

در این تحقیق ارزش غذایی تفاله انگور عمل‌آوری نشده و عمل‌آوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ترکیب شیمایی و خصوصیات فیزیکی نمونه‌ها با تجزیه آزمایشگاهی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی (in vitro) به منظور تعیین ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی، و همچنین ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک برای تخمین انرژی متابولیسمی نمونه‌ها انجام شد. علاوه بر این، تجزیه‌پذیری ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام نمونه‌ها به روش کیسه‌های نایلونی و با استفاده از 9 کیسه برای هر نمونه در زمان‌های 0، 3، 6، 12، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت انکوباسیون تخمین زده شد و کینیتیک آنها با استفاده از معادله P= a + b(1−e−ct) توصیف گردید. شاخص ارزش غذایی نمونهها با استفاده از معادله NVI= a + 0.4b + 200c محاسبه شد. دادههای جمعآوری شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی تجزیه آماری شدند. با عملآوری تفاله انگور، مقدار کل ترکیبات فنلی و تاننی، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی، ظرفیت نگهداری آب، ماده خشک محلول و ضرایب هضمی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی در ماده خشک کاهش (05/0P<) یافت، اما مقدار پروتئین خام، خاکستر خام، لیگنین، جرم حجمی لحظه‌ای، دانسیته توده ای، تجزیه‌پذیری مؤثر و شاخص ارزش غذایی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش (05/0P<) یافت. پس از عمل‌آوری تفاله انگور، بخش محلول در آب برای ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش، اما بخش با تجزیه‌پذیری کند و سرعت تجزیه‌پذیری بخش b کاهش (05/0P<) یافت. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت، پس از عمل‌آوری تفاله انگور توسط قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا، با افزایش درصد پروتئین خام و کاهش ترکیبات فنولی و تاننی، راندمان استفاده از تفاله انگور در تغذیه دام بهبود خواهد یافت.

منابع و مأخذ:

AFRC. (1993). Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Alipour D. and Rouzbehan Y. (2006). Effects of ensiling grape pomace and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production and microbial biomass yield. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 137, 138-149.
Ammerman C.B. and Henry P.R. (1991). Citrus and vegetable products for ruminant animals. Pp. 103-110 in Proc. Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle, St Louis, MO.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Barreto de Menezes T.J., Salva J.G.T., Baldini V.L., Papini R.S. and Sales A.M. (1989). Protein enrichment of citrus wastes by solid substrate fermentation. Proc. Biochem. 24, 167-171.
Chaji M., Naserian A., Valizade R. and Eftekhar-Shahrodi F. (2008). Study the physical properties of treated sugar cane by steam pressure and their importance in ruminants feeding. Pp. 1-3 in Proc. 3^th Cong. Anim. Sci. Mashhad, Iran.
Dashti-Saridregh M. Rouzbehan Y. and Shojaosadati S.A. (2010). Effect of Neurospora sitophila on chemical composition, digestibility and degradability of sugar beet pulp. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. 40(4), 1-12.
Durand A. and Chereau D. (1988). A new pilot reactor for solid state fermentation: application to the protein enrichment of sugar beet pulp. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13, 467-486.
Forage A.J. and Richelato R.C. (1979). Microbial Biomass. Academic Press, London.
Gibriel A.Y., Mahmoud R.M., Goma M. and Abou-Zeid M. (1981). Production of single cell protein from cereal by-products. Agric. Wastes. 3, 229-240.
Giger-Reverdin S. (2000). Characterization of feedstuffs for ruminants using some physical parameters. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 86, 53-69.
Griffiths B. and Done S.H. (1991). Citrinin as a possible cause of the purities, pyrexia, haemorrhagic syndrome in cattle. Vet. Record. 129, 113-117.
Grewal H.S., Kalra K.L. and Kahlon S.S. (1990). Citrus (Kinnow-mandarin) residue as potential substrate for single cell protein. J. Res. Punjab. Agric. 27, 90-96.
Illanes A., Aroca G., Gabello L. and Acevedo F. (1992). Solid substrate fermentation of leached beet pulp with trichoderma aureoviride. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8, 488-493.
Koller B.L., Hintz H.F., Robertson J.B. and Van Soest P.J. (1978). Comparative cell wall and dry matter digestion in the cecum of the pony and the rumen of the cow using in vitro and nylon bag techniques. J. Anim. Sci. 47(1), 173-177.
Labaneiah M.E.O., Abou-Donia S.A., Mohamed M.S. and EL-Zalaki E.M. (1979). Utilization of citrus wastes for the production of fungal protein. J. Food Technol. 14, 95-100.
Lena G. and Quaglia G.B. (1992). Sacharification and protein enrichment of sugar beet pulp by Pleurotus Florida. Biotechnol. Technol.6, 571-574.
Madadi-nuei A. (1997). Enrichment of beet pulp by solid state fermentation method. MS Thesis. Tarbiat Modares Univ., Tehran. Iran.
Makkar H.P.S., Blummel M., Borowy N.K. and Becker K. (1993). Gravi-metric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. J. Sci. Food Agric. 61, 161-165.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D. and Morgan C.A. (1995). Animal Nutrition. Published by Prentice Hall, New York, New York.
Moo-Young M., Chisti Y. and Vlach D. (1993). Fermentation of cellulosic materials to mycoporotein foods. Biotechnol. Adv. 11, 469-479.
Nazem K., Rouzbehan Y. and Shojaosadati S.A. (2008). The nutritive value of citrus pulp (lemon and orange) treated with Neurospora sitophila.J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Res. 12, 495-506.
Nigam P. (1994). Processing of sugar beet pulp in simultaneous sacharification and fermentation for the production of a protein enrichment product. Proc. Biochem. 29, 331-336.
Orskov E.R. and McDonald P. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503.
Pearse E.S. and Hartley H.O. (1966). Biometrika Tables for Statisticians. Published byCambridge University.
Robertson J.A. and Eastwood M.A. (1981). An examination of factors which may affect the water holding capacity of dietary fiber. Br. J. Nutr. 46, 247-253.
SAS Institute. (2002). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.0 SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Shojaosadati S.A., Faraidouni R., Madadi-Nouei A. and Mohamadpour I. (1999). Protein enrichment of lignocelluloses substrates by solid state fermentation using Neurospora sitophila. Resour. Cons. Recyc. 27, 73-87.
Tilly J.M.A. and Terry R.A. (1963). A two-stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grass. Soc. 18, 104-109.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Van Soest P.J. (1975). Physic-chemical aspects of fiber digestion. Pp. 351-365 in Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Rumin. Nutr., University New England Publishing Unit.
Wattiaux M.A., Satter L.D. and Mertens D.R. (1992). Effect of microbial fermentation on functional specific gravity of small forage particles. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 1262-1270.
Xue M., Liu D., Zhang H., Qi H. and Lei Z. (1992). A new pilot process of solid state fermentation from sugar beet pulp for the production of microbial protein. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 73, 203-205