A Comparative Analysis of Behavioral Theories towards Farmers’ Water Conservation
محورهای موضوعی : Environmental policy and management
ناصر ولی‌زاده
1
(دانشجوی دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران)
مسعود بیژنی
2
(استایار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران)
داریوش حیاتی
3
(استاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران)
کلید واژه: Water conservation behavior (WCB), moral theories, rational theories,
چکیده مقاله :
According to experts, the inefficient agricultural sector has a dominant role in degrading water resources all over the world. Farmers’ conservational behavior is an important aspect of new integrated water management studies. Relevantly, various behavioral theories have been proposed in the field of environmental psychology. The main objective of the present comparative analysis and review study was to explain foundations of the most remarkable water conservation behavioral theories, classify them, and finally, present a critical discussion on the better application of each theory to explain the farmers' Water Conservation Behaviors (WCBs). This study is based on the documentary research method which was accomplished using a systematic literature review. The comparison analysis of existing theories indicates that the “theory selection” should be consistent with the “type of behavior under study”. Consequently, it is recommended to adopt the theories like Planned Behavior Theory and Reasoned Action Theory to illustrate the private-sphere WCBs such as farmers’ willingness to pay for water conservation because these behaviors are directly associated with the farmers’ personal interests. With respect to those conservational behaviors with participatory and collective nature, an individual may ignore his/her short-sighted and immediate benefits to achieve collective and long-term interests. In such a case, the use of moral approach and its relevant theories, including the Value-Belief-Norms Theory and the Norm Activation Theory, seems to be more appropriate. Consequently, agricultural practitioners and researchers are recommended to use rational approach theories to analyze the WCBs of farmers.
به اعتقاد بسیاری از کارشناسان بخش کشاورزی ناکارآمد نقش مهمی را در زوال منابع آب در سرتاسر دنیا داشته است. نقش کشاورزان و رفتارهای حفاظت آب آنان به عنوان یک موضوع کلیدی در مباحث مدیرت آب مطرح است. در این راستا، نظریه‌های رفتاری مختلفی در حوزهی روانشناسی اجتماعی و محیطزیست مطرح گردیده است. این گوناگونی نظریه‌های رفتاری در بسیاری از موارد باعث سردرگمی پژوهشگران شده و باعث میشود که نتوانند نظریهی مناسب برای تحلیل رفتارهای حفاظت آب کشاورزان را از میان نظریه‌های موجود انتخاب کنند. از طرف دیگر، مطالعاتی هم که از نظریهی رفتاری خاصی برای تحلیلهای خود استفاده میکنند، عموماً توجیههای منطقی برای انتخاب نظریهی مورد نظر ارائه نمیدهند. در این راستا، هدف اصلی مطالعهی مروری حاضر تبیین مبانی مهمترین نظریه‌های رفتاری، تقسیمبندی آنان و در نهایت بحث انتقادی در مورد کاربرد هر کدام از این نظریه‌ها برای رفتارهای حفاظت آب کشاورزان بود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهشهای اسنادی است که با استفاده از یک مرور ادبیات نظاممند انجام شد. یافتههای حاصل از مقایسهی نظریه‌ها نشان داد که "نظریهی انتخابشده" باید با "نوع رفتار مورد مطالعه" تناسب داشته باشد. به عبارت دیگر، برای رفتارهای فرد ـ محور مانند رفتار حفاظت آب، پرداخت هزینه برای حفاظت از آب و مواردی از قبیل بهتر است از نظریه‌هایی مانند رفتار برنامهریزی شده و نظریهی اقدام منطقی استفاده شود. زیرا، چنین رفتارهایی مستقیما با منافع شخصی کشاورزان ارتباط دارند اما، در رفتارهایی که ماهیت مشارکتی و جمعی دارند، فرد ممکن است از منافع آنی و کوتهبینانه خود برای دستیابی به منافع جمعی و بلندمدت نادیده بگیرد. لذا در این موارد به نظر میرسد که استفاده از رویکرد اخلاقی و نظریه‌های آن مانند نظریهی ارزش ـ باور ـ هنجار و نظریهی فعال‌سازی هنجار مناسب باشد. در نتیجه پیشنهاد میشود که محققان و عوامل اجرایی کشاورزی از نظریه‌های رویکرد منطقی برای تحلیل رفتار حفاظت از آب کشاورزان استفاده کنند.
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