Analyses of Labour Productivity among Small-Holder Cassava Farmers for Food Security and Empowerment in Central Madagascar

محورهای موضوعی : Farm Management

بی.سی اوکویه ¹ , آ. عباس ² , بی. بچونکیزی ³ , جی. آسوموقا ⁴ , بی. آلنکه ⁵ , آر. راناوسون ⁶ , ان. رابمانانتسوا ⁷ , آی. رالیمانانا ⁸

1 - National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
2 - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Regional Hub for Eastern Africa 25, Light Industrial Area, Mikocheni B, PMB 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
3 - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Regional Hub for Eastern Africa 25, Light Industrial Area, Mikocheni B, PMB 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
4 - National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
5 - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Regional Hub for Eastern Africa 25, Light Industrial Area, Mikocheni B, PMB 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
6 - Centre National d Recherche Appliquee au Developpement Rural (FOFIFA) Ambatobe, B.P. 1690 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
7 - Centre National d Recherche Appliquee au Developpement Rural (FOFIFA) Ambatobe, B.P. 1690 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
8 - Centre National d Recherche Appliquee au Developpement Rural (FOFIFA) Ambatobe, B.P. 1690 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar

تاریخ دریافت : 1394/05/27 تاریخ پذیرش : 1394/08/04 تاریخ انتشار : 1395/06/11

کلید واژه: Farm size, Family labour, Membership of cooperatives,

چکیده مقاله :

Labour productivity affects food security, but quantifyingthis relationship has been scarce with respect to empiricalliterature. The Central Madagascar dataset explores the influenceof labour productivity and related variables on the food securitystatus of cassava farmers. Drawing on both theory and empiricalevidence, this paper argues that fundamental effects of linksbetween labour productivity and food security are most timesoften overlooked currently in policy analyses. The study used aprobit regression analytical procedure to explain the effect oflabour productivity on food security of 180 Malagasy smallholdercassava farmers selected through a multi-stage randomsampling technique. Results showed that 25% of the cassavafarmers were food in-secure. Labour productivity had a directrelationship with food security status of farmers at 1% level ofprobability as well as membership of cooperatives and farmsize. Aged farmers were more food insecure at 10% level ofprobability than their younger counterparts. Households withhigh dependency ratio and family labour tend to be foodinsecure at 1% and 10% level of probability respectively amongthe farmers sampled. The results therefore call for land re-distributionand re-form policies aimed at encouraging youngerfarmers who seem to be more labour productive by allocatingmore land to these group (as cooperatives) to increase cassavacultivation thereby giving a boost to food security.

چکیده انگلیسی:

بهره‌وری نیروی کار بر امنیت غذایی تأثیر می‌گذارد، اما بررسی منابع تجربی نشان می‌دهد که تحقیقات اندکی روی اندازه‌گیری این رابطه انجام گرفته است. بانک اطلاعات ماداگاسکار مرکزی اقدام به بررسی تأثیر بهره‌وری نیروی کار و متغیرهای مربوطه بر وضعیت امنیت غذایی کشاورزان کاساوا کرده است. در این مقاله با تکیه بر شواهد نظری و تجربی بحث می‌شود که در حال حاضر، در تحلیل‌های خط مشی غالباً به اثرات بنیادی پیوندهای میان بهره‌وری نیروی کار و امنیت غذایی توجه نمی‌شود. در این مطالعه از رگرسیون پروبیت برای توضیح تأثیر بهره‌وری نیروی کار بر امنیت غذایی 180 کشاورز کاساوای خرده‌مالک در مالاگاسی استفاده شد. این کشاورزان به کمک نمونه‌گیری تصادفی چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شده بودند. نتایج نشان داد که 25 درصد کشاورزان با مشکل عدم‌امنیت غذایی مواجه بودند. بهره‌وری نیروی کار به همراه عضویت در شرکت‌های تعاونی و اندازة مزرعه رابطة مستقیم با امنیت غذایی کشاورزان در سطح احتمال یک درصد داشتند. مشکل عدم‌امنیت غذایی در میان کشاورزان مسن‌تر در سطح احتمال 10 درصد شدیدتر از کشاورزان جوان‌تر بود. در میان کشاورزان نمونه، خانواده‌هایی که نسبت وابستگی و نیروی کار خانوادگی بالاتر داشتند به ترتیب در سطح احتمال یک و 10 درصد با مشکل عدم‌امنیت غذایی مواجه بودند. بنابراین، نتایج حاکی از نیاز به سیاست‌های بازتوزیع زمین و اصلاح ارضی با هدف تشویق کشاورزان جوان‌تر است تا این کشاورزان که ظاهراً بهره‌وری کار بالاتری دارند زمین بیشتری (در قالب شرکت تعاونی) دریافت کنند و با افزایش کشت کاساوا به بهبود امنیت غذایی کمک کنند.

منابع و مأخذ:

1- Aidoo, R., Mensah, J.O., &Tuffour, T. (2013). Determinants of household food security in the Sekyere-Afamplains district of Ghana. Proccedings of the 1stAnnual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 24-26th April (Pp. 514-529), Azores,Portugal.

2- Amaza, P.S., Abdoulaye, T., Kwaghe, P.V., &Tegbaru, A. (2009). Changes in household food security and poverty status in PROSAB area of Southern Borno State, Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Borno State (PROSAB).Pp 1- 40.

3- Amsalu, B., Kindie, G., & Belay, K (2013). Determinants of household demand for and supply of farm labour in Rural Ethiopia. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 6(3), 351-367.

4- Arene, C.J.,&Anyaeji, R.C. (2010).Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journalof Social Sciences, 30(1), 9-16.

5- Asenso-Okyere, K., Aragon, C., Thangata, P., Andam, K., & Mekonnen, D.A. (2010). HIV and AIDS and farm labour productivity: A review of recent evidence in Africa. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 2(12), 406-415.

6- Babatunde,R.O., Omotesho, O.A., Olorunsanya, E.O., &Owotoki, G.M. (2008). Determinants of vulnerability to food insecurity: A gender-based analysis of farming households in Nigeria. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(1), 116-125.

7- Barrett, C.B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in Rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315−331.

8- Bashir, M.K., Steven, S., & Pandit, R. (2012b). The determinants of rural household food security in the Punjab, Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Working Paper 1203, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley,  Australia.http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/122526/2/working%20paper%201203.pdf.

Pp. 1-30.

9- Bashir, M.K., Schilizzia, S., & Pandita, R. (2012a). The determinants of rural household food security for landless households of the Punjab, Pakistan. Working Paper 1208, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. Pp. 13.

10- Beckmann, V. (2000). Transaction costs and institutional choice in agriculture. Berlin: Edition Sigma, Germany, Pp 1 14.

11- Bockel, L., & Dabat, M.H. (2001). Improve labor productivity in rice cultivation in the fight against poverty. Paper presented at the seminar on Poverty in Madagascar: inventory, explanatory factors and policies to reduce, February 2001, 14pp.

12- Chambo, S.A. (2009). Agricultural co-operatives: Role in food security and rural development. Paper Presented to Expert Group Meeting on Co-operatives Held on 28 – 30 April, 2009 New York, 13pp.

13- Coleman, B.E. (2009). The impact of group lending in Northeast Thailand. Journal of Development Economics, 60,105-141.

14- Diallo, Y., Etiene, A., & Mehran, F. (2013). Global child labour trends 2008 to 2012. International Labour Organization Retrieved from http://www. ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_ PUB_23015 /lang- en/index.htm. Pp 1-68.

15- Dorward, A. (1999). Farm size and productivity in Malawian Smallholder Agriculture. Journal of Development Studies, 35(5), 141-161.

16- Dorward, A.R. (2012). Agricultural labour productivity and food prices: Fundamental development, impacts and indicators. Food Policy, 39, 40-50.

17- Dostie, B., Randriamamonjy, Jet., & Rabenasolo, L. (2000). The cassava sector: Shock forgotten vulnerable. Antananarivo National Institute of Statistics, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Pp. 23.

18- Ezedinma, C.I (2000). Farm resource allocation and profitability of arable crop enterprises in the Humid Forest Inland Valley Ecosystem: A case study of OzuAbam in southern Nigeria. UNISWA Journal of Agriculture, 9, 48-56.

19- Ezedinma, C.I., Okafor, C., Asumugha, G.N., & Nweke, F. (2006). Trends in farm labour productivity and implications for cassava industrialization in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the 40th Agricultural Society of Nigeria held, Oct. 16th – 20th (p. 109-115), NRCRI Umudike, Abia State. 20- FAO-ILO-IUF (2005). Agricultural workers and their contribution to sustainable agriculture and rural development. FAO-ILO-IUF. Geneva: ILO. 102pp. ISBN: 9789221187097

21- FEWSNET (2012). Famine Early Warning Systems Network.Madagascar Desk review. Retrieved from www.fews.net/sites/default/files/ MG_deskreview_ 2012_en_0.pdf. 15pp

22- Francis, E. (2002). Gender, Migration and Multiple Livelihoods: Cases from Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 167-191.

23- Gul Unal, F. (2008). Small is beautiful: Evidence of an inverse relationship between farm size and yield in Turkey. Working paper No. 551, The Levy Economics Institute P.O. Box 5000 Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000. Pp 1-48

24- Gurkan, A.A. (1995). The Mathematics of Hunger. California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES), 27(2), 31-33.

25- Haddad, L., Kennedy, E., & Sullivan, J. (1994). Choices of indicators for food security and nutrition monitoring. Food Policy, 19(3), 329-343.

26- Harvey, C. A., Rakotobe, Z. L., Rao, N. S., Dave, R., Razafimahatratra, H., Rabarijohn, R. H., & MacKinnon, J. L. (2014). Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences, 369, 16-39.

27- IFPRI – FOFIFA, (1998). Structure and Conduct of Major Agricultural Input and Output Markets and Response to Reforms by Rural Households in Madagascar, Part 1, Final Report, International Food Policy Research Institute - FOFIFA Project, 1997.

28- Minten, B., & Barret, C. (2008). Agricultural technology, productivity and poverty in Madagascar.World Development, 36(35), 1335-1347.

29- Minten, B., & Zeller, M. (2000). Beyond market liberalization: Welfare, income generation and environmental sustainability in Rural Madagascar. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. Pp1-272

30- Mordi. C., & Mmieh, F. (2008), divided labour and divided in-firm markets in the Nigerian petroleum sector. Brunel University, UK. Pp. 8

31- Nweke, F. (2004). New challenges in the cassava transformation in Nigeria and Ghana. DiscussionPaper No. 118, Environment and Production Technology Division International Food Policy Research, Washington, D.C. Pp 1-118.

32- Odurukwe, S.N., Matthews-Njoku, E.C., & Ejioku-Okereke, N. (2006). Impact of the Women- In-Agriculture (WIA) extension programme on women’s lives: Implications for subsistence agricultural production of women in Imo State, Nigeria. LivestockResearch for Social Development, 18(2), 1-10.

33- Oluyole, K.A., Usman, J.M., Oni, O.A., & Odu wole, O.O. (2013). Input use efficiency of cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Economics, 1(1), 8-10.

34- Omonona, B.T., & Agoi, G.A. (2007). An analysis of food security situation among Nigerian Urban Households: Evidence from Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3), 397-406.

35- Onianwa, O.O., & Wheelock, G.C. (2006). An analysis of the determinants of food insecurity with severe hunger in selected Southern States. Southern Rural Sociology, 21, 80-96.

36- Otunaiya, O.A. (2014). The food security profile of farming households in Rural Areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. climate change, agriculture and food security in Nigeria. Proceeding of the 14th Annual National Conference of the Nigeria Association of Agricultural Economics 24th – 27th Feb (Pp. 762-768), Federal  University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

37- Page, H. (2013). Global governance and food security as global public good. Centre for International Cooperation, New York University. Pp 1-32

38- Ramaroson, R.V., Arvisenet, G.,& Valentin, D. (2014). Studying the nutritional beliefs and food practices of malagasy school children parents. A contribution to the understanding of malnutrition in Madagascar. Appetite, 81, 67-75.

39- Randrianarisoa, C. (2001). Determinants of rice productivity in Madagascar, Michigan State University. Unpublished thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan Sate University, East Lansing, MI.

40- Randrianarisoa, J.C., & Minten, B (2001). Agricultural production, agricultural land and rural poverty in Madagascar. Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper No. 112, Pp. 46.

41- Randrianarison, L. (2003). Off-farm income of rural households and poverty. Minten, B., Randrianarisoa, J.C., Randrianarison, L. (Eds). Agriculture, Rural Poverty and Economic Policies in Madagascar, Cornell University/ INSTAT / FOFIFA. Pp 56-59.

42- Ravallion, M., Chen, S.,& Sangraula, P. (2007). New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty. Policy Research Working Paper (No. 4199) Washington, World Bank, Pp. 33.

43- Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World Development, 25 (5), 735-748.

44- Reardon, T., Delgado, C., & Matlon, P. (1992).Determinants and effect of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Studies, 28(2), 264-296.

45- Sangha, K. (1964). Productivity and economic growth. Asia Publishing House, London

46- Smith, L.C., & Subandro, A. (2007). Measuring food security using household expenditure survey method. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA.Pp 1-147

47- Titus, O.B., & Adetokunbo, A.G. (2007). An analysis of food security situation among nigerian urban households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture,

8(3), 397-406.

48- Ukoha, O.O. (2000). Determinants of labour productivity on small-holder sole crop farm: A Case study of waterleaf enterprise (Taliniumtriangulare). Nigerian Journal ofAgribusiness and Rural Development, (3), 10-18.

49- UN-MDP (2005).United Nations millennium development project halving hunger: It can be done. Summary version of the report of the Task Force on Hunger.The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, USA.Pp 44.

50- USAID (1992). Definition of food security. USAID policy determination Retrieved from http:// www.usaid.gov/pubs/ads/200/ pd19.pdf, 1992. Pp 1-3.

51- WFP (2014). World Food Programme Madagascar Country Brief. Oct-Dec 2014.Pp. 2. Retrived from https://www.wfp.org/countries/madagascar