رابطه بین سبک‌های دلبستگی و صمیمیت والدین با افسردگی کودک: نقش واسطه‌ای حرمت خود
محورهای موضوعی : روان درمانگری
دنیا نوروزی
1
(کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد تهران جنوب)
مهرناز احمدی
2
(استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد تهران جنوب)
کلید واژه: سبک های دلبستگی, حرمت خود, افسردگی کودک, صمیمیت والدین,
چکیده مقاله :
هـدف ایـن پژوهـش بررسـی نقـش واسـطه‌ای حرمـت خـود در رابطـه بیـن سـبک‌های دلبسـتگی و صمیمیـت والدیـن بـا افسـردگی کـودک بــود. شــرکت‌کنندگان شــامل ۲۰۵ دانش آمــوز دختــر پایه‌هــای تحصیلــی ســوم تــا ششــم دبســتان‌های منطقــه ۹ شــهر تهــران در ســال تحصیلــی ۱۳۹۸-۱۳۹۷بودنـد کـه بـا روش نمونه‌بـرداری دردسـترس انتخـاب شـدند و بـه سـیاهه افسـردگی کـودکان (کواکـس، ۱۹۹۲)، پرسشـنامه طبقه‌بنـدی سـبک‌های دلبسـتگی (فینـزی- دوتـان، کوهـن، ایوانیـچ، سـاپییر و ویزمـن، ۲۰۰۶)، پرسشـنامه پذیـرش و طـرد والدیـن (روهنـر، ۲۰۰۷) و سـیاهه فرهنـگ نابسـته حرمـت خـود (باتـل، ۲۰۰۲) پاسـخ دادنـد. نتایـج آزمـون همبسـتگی پیرسـون نشـان داد بیـن افسـردگی بـا حرمـت خـود، دلبسـتگی ایمـن و صمیمیـت والدیـن رابطـه مثبـت و بـا سـبک های دلبسـتگی اجتنابـی و دوسـوگرا/اضطرابی رابطـه منفـی وجـود دارد. افـزون بـر آن، حرمـت خـود نیـز بـا دلبسـتگی ایمـن و صمیمیـت والدیـن رابطـه مثبـت و بـا سـبک‌های دلبسـتگی اجتنابـی و دوسـوگرا/اضطرابی رابطـه منفـی معنـادار دارد. نتایـج نشـان داد حرمـت خـود در رابطـه دلبسـتگی (ایمـن و اجتنابـی) و صمیمیـت والدیـن بـا افسـردگی نقـش واسـطه‌ای دارد. بـر همیـن اسـاس، سـبک‌های دلبسـتگی و صمیمیـت والدیـن ۲۵ درصـد از واریانـس حرمـت‌خـود و افسـردگی ۵۲ درصـد از واریانـس دلبسـتگی، صمیمیـت والدیـن و حرمـت خـود کـودکان را تبییـن می‌کنـد. درمجمـوع نتایـج نشـان می‌دهـد کـه بـا بـالا بـردن مهارت‌هـای والدگـری و افزایـش سـطوح حرمـت‌خـود در کـودکان بـا سـبک‌های دلبسـتگی اجتنابـی می‌تـوان از بـروز نشـانه‌های افسـردگی در آنهـا پیشـگیری کـرد.
The aim of present study was to examine the mediating role of self-esteem in relevance between attachment styles and parental warmth with depression. The research design was descriptive-correlational. Participants consists of 205 female primary school students who were selected by convenience sampling method in 2018-2019 academic year. All students completed the attachment styles classification questionnaire (Ricky Finzi-Dottan, 2006), Child Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 2007), Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory (Battel, 2002), Children’s Depression Inventory (kovacs, 1992). Pearson correlation test results showed among depression with self-esteem, secure attachment styles and parental warmth had pos- itive relation and with insecure attachment styles had negative relation (P<0/001). Also among self-esteem with secure attachment style and parental warmth had positive relation and with insecure attachment styles had negative relation (P<0/01).findings showed that, 25 percent of the variance in self-esteem can be explained by parental warmth and attachment styles. Also, attachment styles, parental warmth and self-esteem are able to account for 52 percent of the variance in depression among female students. In the rela- tionship among attachment styles and parental warmth with depression, the self-esteem had a mediation role In general, the findings showed that by raising parenting skills and increasing self-esteem levels in children with avoidant attachment styles, depressive symptoms can be prevented.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erl- baum.
Akiskal, S. H. (2017). Mood disorders: Historical in- troduction and conceptual overview. In B. J. Sa- dock, V. A. Sadock, & P. Ruiz (Eds.), Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Aloia, L. S., & Strutzenberg, C. (2019). Parent–child communication apprehension: The role of parental alienation and self-esteem. Communication Re- ports, 32(1), 1-14.
Ataran, N., & Mohammadi, N. (2018). The mediat- ing role of self-esteem in the relationship between attachment orientations and psychological adjust- ment. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Ira- nian Psychologist, 15(58), 139-151. [In Persian].
Battle, J. (2002). Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories Examiner’s Manual. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Babore, A., Trumello, C., Candelori, C., Paciello, M., & Cerniglia, L. (2016). Depressive symptoms, self-esteem and perceived parent–child relation- ship in early adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, .982-983 ,7.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Archives
Of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571
Besharat, M. A., Zabihzadeh, A., Mohammadi Hasel, K., & Nikfarjam, M. R. (2012). A Comparison of Attachment Styles in Individuals with Depres- sion,Anxiety Disorders, and Those without these Disorders. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist, 9(35), 227-236. [In Persian].
Bowlby, J.(1988). Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J.(1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3, Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
Cherry, K. M., & Lumley, M. N. (2019). The longi- tudinal stability and predictive capability of posi- tive and negative self-schemas in a multi-informant study of child and adolescent depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. International Journal of Ap- plied Positive Psychology, 4(1-2), 47-66.
Chong, C. H., Yeo, K. J., & Mislan, N. (2014). A pre- liminary study on relationship between warmth par- enting and self-esteem among young adults based on parental acceptance-rejection theory. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(9), 51–57.
del Barrio, V., Holgado-Tello, F. P., & Carrasco, M. A. (2016). Concurrent and longitudinal effects of maternal and paternal warmth on depression symp- toms in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Re- search, 242, 75-81.
Chorot, P., Valiente, R. M., Magaz, A. M., Santed, M. A., & Sandin, B. (2017). Perceived parental child rearing and attachment as predictors of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in children: The me- diational role of attachment. Psychiatry Research, .287-295 ,253
Dehshiri, GH., Najafi, M., Shikhi, M., & Habibi Askarabad, M. (2009). Investigating primary psy- chometric properties of Children’s Depression In- ventory (CDI). Journal of Family Research, 5(18), 159-177. [In Persian].
Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. (2011). An integrative model of excessive reassurance seeking and neg- ative feedback seeking in the development and maintenance of depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1291–1303.
Finzi, R., Cohen, O., Sapir, Y., & Weizman, A. (2000). Attachment Styles in Maltreated Children: A Com- parative Study. Child Psychiatry and Human De- velopment, 31(2), 113–128.
Finzi-Dottan, R., Cohen, O., Iwaniec, D. Sapir, Y., & Weizman, A. (2006).The child in the family of a drug-user father: Attachment styles and family characteristics In S. L. Ashenberg Strassner & C. Huff Fewell (Eds.), Impact of substance abuse in children and families (pp. 89-111). Binghamton, NY: Haworth.
Friedman, E. S., & Anderson, I. M. (2014). Handbook of depression. London: Springer Healthcare Lim- ited.
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001b). Vulnerability to de- pression in childhood and adolescence. In R. E. In- gram & J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to psycho- pathology: Risk across the lifespan (pp. 175−225). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Girgus, J. S., & Yang, K. (2015). Gender and depres- sion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 53–60.
Huntsinger, E. T., & Luecken, L. J. (2004). Attachment relationships and health behavior: The mediational role of self-esteem. Psychology & Health, 19(4), .526–515
Kawamoto, T. (2020). The moderating role of attach- ment style on the relationship between self-concept clarity and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences,12(2),234-245.
Kircanski, K., LeMoult, J., Ordaz, S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). Investigating the nature of co-occurring depression and anxiety: Comparing diagnostic and dimensional research approaches. Journal of Affec- tive Disorders, 216, 123-135.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structur- al equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s Depression Inventory Manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems.
Khaleque, A., Uddin, M. K., Hossain, K. N., Siddique, M. N. E. A., & Shirin, A. (2019). Perceived paren- tal acceptance–rejection in childhood predict psy- chological adjustment and rejection sensitivity in adulthood. Psychological Studies, 64(4), 447-454.
Lange, M. (2019). Parental factors and child emo- tional regulation: The moderating role of paren- tal warmth.Doctoral dissertation, Texas Woman’s University). Texas Woman’s University Research Repository.
Lee, S. J., Pace, G. T., Lee, J. Y., & Knauer, H. (2018). The association of fathers’ parental warmth and parenting stress to child behavior problems. Chil- dren and Youth Services Review, 91, 1-10.
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Es- tévez, A. (2016). Mediationg role of mindfulness as a trait between attachment styles and depressive symptoms. The Journal of Psychology, 150(7), .896–881
Liu, Y. (2003). The mediators between parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms: Dysfunctional attitudes and self-worth. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 91–100.
Iuliia, S. (2019). The effect of attachment styles and satisfaction with life on self-esteem Doctoral dissertation, University of New York in Prague.
Masselink, M., Van Roekel, E., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2018). Self-esteem in early adolescence as predic- tor of depressive symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood: The mediating role of motivation- al and social factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 932-946.
McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007).Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 987–1003.
Mirzaie, P.,Nazarian, L., & Zare, H. (2019).Validation of the Maria Kovacs Children’s Depression Inven- tory to assess depression among school children in Afghanistan. Journal of Midwifery and Reproduc- tive Health, 7(3), 1742-1748.
Morley, T. E., & Moran, G. (2011). The origins of cognitive vulnerability in early childhood: Mecha- nisms linking early attachment to later depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1071–1082.
Moran, K. M., Turiano, N. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2018). Parental warmth during childhood predicts coping and well-being in adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 610-621.
Palitsky, D., Mota, N., Afifi, T. O., Downs, A. C., & Sareen, J. (2013). The association between adult attachment style, mental disorders, and suicidal- ity: findings from a population-based study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(7), .586–579
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. (2006). What can you do for me? Attachment style and motives un- derlying esteem for partners. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(3), 313–338.
Rohner, R. P. (2007). Handbook for the study of pa- rental acceptance and rejection. USA: Rohner Re- search Publications.
Schimmenti, A., & Bifulco, A. (2015). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20(1), 41–48.
Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(1), 25–39.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-es- teem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-anal- ysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, .240–213 ,)1(139
Srivastava, S., & Beer, J. S. (2005). How self-evalua- tions relate to being liked by others: Integrating so- ciometer and attachment perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 966–977.
Steiger, A. E., Allemand, M., Robins, R. W., & Fend, H. A. (2014). Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, .338–325 ,)2(106
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health es- timates.World Health Organization.
Yazdkhasti, F., & Ghasemi, S. (2010). The relation be- tween parents’ personality characteristics and their acceptance – rejection toward their children. Jour- nal of Educational Psychology Studies, 7(12), 131- 144. [In Persian].
Younesi, J. (2008). Culture free or culture fair? A pilot study on Self-esteem Inventory among Iranian chil- dren. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 2(2), 13-21. [In Persian].
Zhou, J., Li, X., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020). Lon- gitudinal association between low self‐esteem and depression in early adolescents: The role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. Psychology and Psycho- therapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(1), 54-71.
