Effects of Sewage Effluent on Blood Biochemical Parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): A Case Study of Behbahan, Khuzestan Province

محورهای موضوعی :

Mahdi Banaee ¹ (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran)
Shima Shahafve ² (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran)
Maryam Vaziriyan ³ (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran)
Somaye Taheri ⁴ (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran)
Behzad Nemadoost Haghi ⁵ (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/03/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1395/03/17

کلید واژه: Biochemical parameters, Common carp, Municipal Wastewater,

چکیده مقاله :

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of untreated municipal wastewater on the blood biochemical parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. In this study, the fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of municipal wastewater for 21 days. The blood was sampled after 21 days and its biochemical parameters including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities as well as total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose and cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea levels were measured. AST, LDH and CPK activities showed an overall significant change (P< 0.05) in the experimental groups of fish. A significant decrease in ALT, GGT, ALP and AChE activities was observed in fish exposed to municipal wastewater (P< 0.05). Glucose, creatinine and urea, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood of fish exposed to municipal wastewater significantly increased (P< 0.05). The fish exposed to the municipal wastewater showed a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels. However, no significant changes were observed in globulin levels in fish exposed to municipal wastewater. In conclusion, exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of municipal wastewater may cause blood biochemical changes in C. carpio

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Harrison E.Z., Oakes S.R., Hysell M., Hay A., 2006. Organic chemicals in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ. 367(2), 481-497.
2. Douxfils J., Mandiki R., Silvestre F., Bertrand A., Leroy D., Thomé J.P., Kestemont P., 2007. Do sewage treatment plant discharges substantially impair fish reproduction in polluted rivers? Sci Total Environ. 372(2), 497-514.
3. Filby A.L., Shears J.A., Drage B.E., Churchley J.H., Tyler C.R. 2010. Effects of advanced treatments of wastewater effluents on estrogenic and reproductive health impacts in fish. Environ Sci Tech. 44, 4348-4354.
4. Hosseini N.A.A., Parker W.J. J., Matott L.S.L. 2012. Modelling Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in a Canadian Watershed. 37(3), 191-208.
5. Keiter S., Baumann L., Färber H., Holbech H., Skutlarek D., Engwall M., Braunbeck T., 2012. Long-term effects of a binary mixture of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol. 118, 116-129.
6. Kostich M.S., Batt A.L., Lazorchak J.M., 2014. Concentrations of prioritized pharmaceuticals in effluents from 50 large wastewater treatment plants in the US and implications for risk estimation. Environ Pollut. 184, 354-359.
7. Patisaul H.B., Adwale H.B., 2009. Long-term effects of endocrine disruptors on reproductive physiology and behavior. Front Behav Neurosci. 3(10), 1-18.
8. Saaristo M., Craft J.A., Lehtonen K.K., Lindström K., 2010. An endocrine disrupting chemical changes courtship and parental care in the sand goby. Aquat Toxicol. 97(4), 285-292.
9. Pottinger T.G., Cook A., Jürgens M.D., Rhodes G., Katsiadaki I., Balaam J.L., Smith A.J., Matthiessen P., 2011. Effects of sewage effluent remediation on body size, somatic RNA: DNA ratio, and markers of chemical exposure in three-spined sticklebacks. Environ Int. 37(1), 158-169.
10. Santos E.M., Hamilton P.B., Coe T.S., Ball J.S., Cook A.C., Katsiadaki I., Tyler C.R., 2013. Population bottlenecks, genetic diversity and breeding ability of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from three polluted English Rivers. Aquat Toxicol. 142, 264-271.
11. Palace V.P., Wautier K.G., Evans R.E., Blanchfield P.J., Mills K.H., Chalanchuk S.M., Godard D., McMaster M.E., Tetreault G.R., Peters L.E., Vandenbyllaardt L., Kidd K.A., 2006. Biochemical and histopathological effects in pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) chronically exposed to a synthetic estrogen in a whole lake experiment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 25(4), 1114-1125.
12. Miller D.H., Jensen K.M., Villeneuve D.L., Kahl M.D., Makynen E.A., Durhan E.J., Ankley G.T., 2007. Linkage of biochemical responses to population-level effects: a case study with vitellogenin in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ Toxicol Chem. 26(3), 521-527.
13. Maceda-Veiga A., Monroy M., Navarro E., Viscor G., de Sostoa A., 2013. Metal concentrations and pathological responses of wild native fish exposed to sewage discharge in a Mediterranean river. Sci Total Environ, 449, 9-19.
14. Vajda A.M., Barber L.B., Gray J.L., Lopez E.M., Woodling J.D., Norris D.O., 2008. Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent. Environ Sci Technol. 42(9), 3407-3414.
15. Thorpe K.L., Maack G., Benstead R., Tyler C.R., 2009. Estrogenic wastewater treatment works effluents reduce egg production in fish. Environ Sci Technol. 43(8), 2976-2982.
16. Segner H., Casanova-Nakayama A., Kase R., Tyler C.R., 2013. Impact of environmental estrogens on Yfish considering the diversity of estrogen signaling. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 191, 190-201.
17. Wang Y., Zhou J., 2013. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic environments: A potential reason for organism extinction? Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag. 16, 88-93.
18. Al-Salhi R., Abdul-Sada A., Lange A., Tyler C.R., Hill E.M., 2012. The xenometabolome and novel contaminant markers in fish exposed to a wastewater treatment works effluent. Environ Sci Technol. 46, 9080ââ‚‌“9088.
19. Söffker M., Tyler C.R., 2012. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and sexual behaviors in fish--a critical review on effects and possible consequences. Crit Rev Toxicol. 42(8), 653-668.
20. Söffker M., Stevens J.R., Tyler C.R., 2012. Comparative breeding and behavioral responses to ethinylestradiol exposure in wild and laboratory maintained zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations. Environ Sci Technol. 46(20), 11377-11383.
21. Tierney K.B., Farrell A.P. Brauner C.J. 2013. Fish Physiology: Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes: Fish Physiology, Elsevier Science.
22. Schwindt A.R., Winkelman D.L., Keteles K., Murphy M., Vajda A.M., Frid C., 2014. An environmental oestrogen disrupts fish population dynamics through direct and transgenerational effects on survival and fecundity. J Appl Ecol. 51, 582-591.
23. Wedekind C., 2014. Fish populations surviving estrogen pollution. BMC Biol. 12(10), 1-3.
24. Jafari A.J., Pourkabireh Abasabad R., Salehzadeh A., 2009. Endocrine disrupting contaminants in water resources and sewage in Hamadan city of Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 6(2), 89-96.
25. Mohagheghian A., Nabizadeh R., Mesdghinia A.R., Rastkari N., Mahvi A.H., Alimohammadi M., Yunesian M., Ahmadkhaniha R., Nazmara Sh., 2014. Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 12(97), 1-7.
26. Mohebzadeh T., Taghizadeh M.M., Takdastan A., Dehghani M., 2013. Comparing the performance of wastewater treatment using activated sludge and aerated lagoons processes in the removal efficiency of estradiol hormones. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 5(3), 149-156.
27. Johnson A.M., Rohlfs E.M., Silverman L.M., 1999. Proteins. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, editors. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 477-540.
28. Sacks D.B., 1999. Carbohydrates. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp. 766-85.
29. Rifai N., Bachorik P.S., Albers J.J., 1999. Lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp. 809-861.
30. Foster-Swanson A., Swartzentruber M., Roberts P., 1994. Refrence interval studies of the rate-blancked creatinine, Jaffe method on BM /Hitachi Systems in Six U.S. Laboratories (Abstract). Clin Chem. No. 361.
31. Lumeij J.T., Remple J.D., 1991. Plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations in relation to feeding in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Avian Pathol. 20(1), 79-83.
32. Knedel M., Boetteger R., 1967. Kinetic method for determination of pseudocholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase) activity. Klin Wochenschr. 45, 325-327.
33. Moss D.V., Henderson A.R., 1999. Clinical enzymology In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, editors. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 617-721.
34. Mehrpak M., Banaee M., Nematdoost Haghi B., Noori A., 2015. Protective effects of vitamin C and chitosan against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Iran J Toxicol. 9(30), 1360-1367.
35. Banaee M., 2013. Physiological dysfunction in fish after insecticides exposure: Insecticides often undesired but still so Important, Edited by Stanislav Trdan, Published by InTech, Chapter 4, 103-142.
36. Atli G., Ariyurek S.Y., Kanak E.G., Canli M., 2015. Alterations in the serum biomarkers belonging to different metabolic systems of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) after Cd and Pb exposures. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 40(2), 508-515.
37. Banaee M., Sureda A., Mirvaghefi A.R., Ahmadi K., 2011. Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pestic Biochem Phys. 99(1), 1-6.
38. Banaee M., Sureda A., Mirvaghefi A.R., Rafei G.R., 2011. Effects of long-term silymarin oral supplementation on the blood biochemical profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiol Biochem. 37(4), 885-896.
39. Banaee M., Nematdoust Hagi B., Ibrahim A.T.A. 2013. Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758): Biochemical response. Int J Aquat Biol. 1(6), 281-288.
40. Banaee M., Sureda A., Shahaf S., Fazilat N., 2015. Protective effects of silymarin extract on malthion-induced zebra cichlid (Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum) hepatotoxicity. Iran J Toxicol. 9(28), 1239-1246.
41. Banaee M., Sureda A., Zohiery F., Nematdoust Hagi B., Garanzini D.S., 2014. Alterations in biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish, Alburnus mossulensis, exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Fenpropathrin. Int J Aquat Biol. 2(2), 58-68.
42. Sharifinasab Z., Banaee M., Mohiseni M., Noori A., 2016. Vitamin C and chitosan alleviate toxicity effects of paraquat on some biochemical parameters in hepatocytes of common carp. Iran J Toxicol. ( In press).
43. Gagné F., André C., Cejka P., Hausler R., Fournier M., 2011. Evidence of neuroendocrine disruption in freshwater mussels exposed to municipal wastewaters. Sci Total Environ. 409(19), 3711-3718.
44. Hao M., Head W.S., Gunawardana S.C., Hasty A.H., Piston D.W. 2007. Direct effect of cholesterol on insulin secretion: a novel mechanism for pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Diabetes. 56(9), 2328-2338.
45. Murray R.K., Granner D.K., Mayes P.A., Rodwell V.W., 2003. Harperââ‚‌™s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26 editions, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. Medical Publishing Division. 702 p.
46. Aminov Z., Haase R.F., Pavuk M., Carpenter, D.O., 2013. Analysis of the effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides on serum lipid levels in residents of Anniston, Alabama. Environ Health, 12: 108. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-12-108.
47. Ahmad E., Rabbani G., Zaidi N., Ahmad B., Khan R.H., 2012. Pollutant-Induced Modulation in Conformation and β-Lactamase Activity of Human Serum Albumin. PLOS One. 7(6): e38372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038372.
48. Wilkie M.P., 2002. Ammonia excretion and urea handling by fish gills: present understanding and future. research challenges. J Exp Zool. 293(3), 284-301.