Distribution and Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Pb, Cd, As and Zn from Surface Soils of Selected Marts in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

محورهای موضوعی :

Justice Obinna Osuoha ¹ , Chidiebere Uchenna Iheka ² , Peter Uchenna Amadi ³ , Idongesit Ekong Archibong ⁴ , Oluwatoyin Taiwo Adeoti ⁵

1 - Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
2 - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
3 - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
4 - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
5 - Department of Biochemistry/Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/04/19 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/07/01 تاریخ انتشار : 1397/09/10

کلید واژه: Contamination, Heavy metal, Assessment, Hazard, Anthropogenic,

چکیده مقاله :

It is very pertinent to carry out environmental studies for the assessment of human health risks associated with heavy metal accumulation of frequently visited environments. By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and, Arsenic (As) were analyzed in top soil samples from Rumuokoro mart (RUM), Choba mart, Mile 3 mart, Mile 1 mart , Town mart (TM), Trans-Amadi mart (TRANS), Boundary mart (BOUND), Oil mill mart (OIL M), Eleme mart (ELE). The concentration of zinc was highest in the mart sites among the other metals. There was pollution with some of the heavy metals at some mart sites. The highest Igeo was found for cadmium at TRANS. The study further established contamination with some of the metals in some of the mart sites as very high contamination with arsenic was observed in RUM. The enrichment factor result obtained revealed that all the metals in all the mart sites occurred as a result of anthropogenic origin except that of lead in MILE 3 that was from natural activities. The levels of average daily intake of all the metals in all the sites were found to be below their respective reference doses. The highest average daily intake of all the metals investigated was observed in zinc at BOUND. No significant health hazard could result from the levels of the metals deposited in the study sites as they did not exceed the reference level at 1.0. RUM is observed as the likely mart site vulnerable to significant health hazards of all sites assessed. Regular environmental assessment should be performed in order monitor and regulate these metals in order to minimize health risks.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Nwajei G.E., Iwegbue C.M., 2007. Trace metal concentrations in soils in the vicinity of Uwelu motor spare. J Chem Soc. Nigeria. 32, 282ââ‚‌“286.


2. Khlifi R., Hamza-Chaffai A., 2010. Head and neck cancer due to heavy metal exposure via tobacco smoking and professional exposure: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 248, 71ââ‚‌“88.


3. Ano A.O., Odoemelam S.A., Ekwueme P.O., 2007. Lead and cadmium levels in soils and cassava. Manilot esculenta grantz along enugu-port harcourt expressway in Nigeria. Electron. J Environ Agric Food Chem. 65, 2024ââ‚‌“2031.


4. Adekunle I.M., Olorundare O., Nwange C., 2009. Assessments of lead levels and daily intakes from green leafy vegetables of southwest Nigeria. Nutr Food Sci. 39, 413ââ‚‌“422


5. Lugwisha, E.H., Othman, C.O., 2014. Levels of selected heavy metals in soil, tomatoes and selected vegetables from Lushoto district-Tanzania. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 26, 313ââ‚‌“319.


6. Agomuo E. N., Amadi P.U., 2017. Accumulation and toxicological risk assessments of heavy metals of top soils from markets in Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 8, 121ââ‚‌“126


7. Turekian K.K., Wedepohl K.H., 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earthââ‚‌™s crust. Bull Geo Soc Am. 72, 175ââ‚‌“192.


8. Kabata-Pendias A., Mukherjee A.B., 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer- Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1.


9. Muller G., 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. J Geol. 2, 108ââ‚‌“118.


10. HÃ¥kanson L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control-a sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14, 975ââ‚‌“1001.


11. Zsefer P., Glasby G.P., Sefer K., 1996. Heavy-metal pollution in superficial sediments from the southern Baltic Sea off Poland. J Environ Sci Health Part A: Environ Sci Eng Toxicol. 31, 2723ââ‚‌“2754.


12. Sutherland R.A., 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol. 39, 611ââ‚‌“627.


13. Qing X., Yutong Z., Shenggao L., 2015. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan) Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 120, 377ââ‚‌“385.


14. Okereke C.J., Amadi P.U., 2017. Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metal contents in school playgrounds in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. J Chem Health Safety. http : // dx . doi . org /10 .1016/j.jchas.2017.01.002.


15. Okereke C.J., Agomuo E.N., Amadi P.U., 2017. Accumulation and toxicological risk assessment of Cd, As, Pb, Hg, and Cu from topsoils of school playgrounds at Obio- Akpor LGA Rivers State Nigeria. Int J Sci World 5, 38ââ‚‌“46.


16. Nwaichi E.O., Osuoha J.O., Monanu M.O., 2017. Nutraceutical Potential of Tetracarpidium conophorum and Buccholzia coriacea in Diet-induced Hyperlipidemia. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 7 (3), 157ââ‚‌“170


17. Ekere N.R., Ukoha O.P., 2013. Heavy metals in street soils of industrial market in Enugu, South East, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 8(4), 175-178.


18. Rashad M., Shalaly E.A., 2007. Dispersion of heavy metals around Municipal solid waste (MSW) dumpsites, Alexandria, Egypt. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 2(3), 204-212.


19. Ayodele J.T., Gaya U.M., 2003. Nickel in Municipal street dust. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 25(1), 15-20.


20. Murphy C.B., 1981. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals and related trace elements. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation. 53(6), 993-999.


21. Asio V.B., 2009. Heavy metals in the Environment and their Health effects. Soil and Environment. pp. 1-5.


22. Hardy D.H., Myers J., Stokes C., 2008. Heavy Metals in North Carolina Soils Occurrence and Significance. N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. pp. 1-2.


23. Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E., 2011. Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation, ISRN Ecology, vol. 2011, Article ID 402647, 20 pages, doi:10.5402/2011/402647.


24. Adelekan B.A., Abegunde K.D., 2011. Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil and Groundwater at Automobile Mechanic Villages in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of the Physical Sciences. 6(5), 1045-1058.


25. Leung A., Cai Z.W., Wong M.H., 2006. Environmental Contamination from Electronic Waste Recycling at Guiyu, southeast China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 8, 21-33.


26. Marfo B.T., 2014. Heavy metals contaminations of soil and water at Agbogbloshie scrap market, Accra. A thesis submitted to the department of Theoritical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science. pp. 43.


27. Bhagure G.R., Mirgane S.R., 2010. Heavy Metals Contaminations in groundwater and soils of Thane Region of Maharashtra, India, Environ Monit Assess. pp. 1-10.


28. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic TP-92/09. Georgia: Center for Disease Control, Atlanta.


29. Tchounwou P.B., Wilson B., Ishaque A., 1999. Important considerations in the development of public health advisories for arsenic and arsenic-containing compounds in drinking water. Reviews on Environmental Health. 14(4), 211ââ‚‌“229. [PubMed: 10746734] https://doi.org/10.1515/REVEH.1999.14.4.211


30. Centeno J.A., Tchounwou P.B., Patlolla A.K., Mullick F.G., Murakat L., Meza E., Gibb H., Longfellow D., Yedjou C.G., 2005. Environmental pathology and health effects of arsenic poisoning: a critical review. In: Naidu, R.; Smith, E.; Smith, J.; Bhattacharya, P., editors. Managing Arsenic In the Environment: From Soil to Human Health. Adelaide, Australia: CSIRO Publishing Corp.


31. Tchounwou P.B., Yedjou C.G., Patlolla A.K., Sutton D.J., 2012. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology Experientia Supplementum. 101, 133ââ‚‌“164.


32. Wang Z., Rossman T.G., 1996. The Toxicology of Metals. Cheng, LW, editor. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; p. 221-243.


33. Trouba K.J., Wauson E.M., Vorce R.L., 2000. Sodium arsenite-induced dysregulation of proteins involved in proliferative signaling. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 164(2), 161ââ‚‌“170.


34. Montagne D., Cornu S., Bourennane H., 2007. Effect agricultural practices on trace-element distribution in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 38, 473-491.


35. Bini C., Bech J., 2014. PHEs, Environment and Human Health Potentially harmful elements in the environment and the impact on human health, Springer Netherlands. DOI10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3.


36. Satarug S., Baker J.R., Urbenjapol S., 2003. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicology Letters. 137, 65-83.


37. Acar Y.B., Alshawabkeh A.N., 1993. Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environmental Science and Technology. 27(13), 2638-2647.


38. Kale H., 1993. Response of roots of trees to heavy metals. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 33, 99-119.


39. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1992. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity. Atlanta: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.