ساختار بافتی زبان در پرندگان در سطح میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی پویشی: یک مطالعه‌ی مروری
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری
1 - گروه علوم پایه دانشکده‌ی دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
کلید واژه: زبان, پرندگان, میکروسکوپ نوری, میکروسکوپ الکترونی, غدد بزاقی,
چکیده مقاله :
زبان در پرندگان، شباهت‌های بنیادین بسیاری با این اندام در پستان‌داران داشته و از سه بخش رأس، بدنه و ریشه برخوردار است. تفاوت‌های چشم‌گیر در ریخت‌شناسی زبان در پرندگان ممکن است ناشی از تفاوت در ساختار آناتومیکی منقار پایین، نوع جیره‌ی غذایی، عادات تغذیهای، سبک زندگی، شرایط محیطی و ... باشند. زبان و به‌ویژه رأس اندام در پرندگان به اشکالی گوناگون دیده میشوند. در برخی از گونه‌های پرندگان در سطح پشتی زبان شیاری میانی یافت می‌شود. ستیغ پرزی در سطح پشتی اندام از پرزهای مخروط‌مانندی تشکیل شده که در گونه‌های مختلف تفاوت‌های چشم‌گیری از دیدگاه توزیع، شمار، شکل ظاهری، شیوه‌ی جای‌گیری و میزان تکامل نشان می‌دهند. اپیتلیوم سطح پشتی زبان در برخی پرندگان در نواحی ویژه‌ای از اندام بر اساس الگوهای تغذیهای، نوع غذا و محیط زیست حیوان تفاوت‌هایی نشان می‌دهد. در پرندگان، جوانه‌های چشایی به‌طور عمده در قاعده‌ی زبان و روی کف یا سقف دهان یافت میشوند. غدد بزاقی تفاوت‌های گونه‌ای آشکاری نشان داده و درمجموع در پرندگان دانه‌خوار بسیار بیش‌تر تکامل یافته؛ در پرندگان شکاری، از تکامل ناچیزی برخوردارند و در برخی پرندگان وجود ندارد. غدد بزاقی زبانی در انواع آلوئولی، لوله‌ای‌آلوئولی و لوله‌ای یافت شده و از نوع سروز و سروموکوس‌اند. در بسیاری از پرندگان، غدد بزاقی زبانی بدون هیچ پیوستار آناتومیکی در دو گروه قدامی و خلفی جای گرفته و در برخی، لایه‌ی پارین در مخاط اندام با غدد موکوسی‌ای پر شده که منافذ آن‌ها بر دو سطح پشتی و شکمی زبان باز میشوند. شیوه‌ی توزیع و جایگاه آناتومیکی این غدد در بافت پیوندی زبان در گونه‌های مختلف پرندگان تفاوت‌هایی نشان می‌دهد.
The tongue in birds has many fundamental similarities with this organ in mammals and has three parts: tip, body, and root. Significant differences in the morphology of the tongue in birds may be caused by differences in the anatomical structure of the lower beak, type of diet, nutritional habits, lifestyle, environmental conditions, etc. The tongue and especially the tip of the organ can be seen in different forms in birds. In some species of birds, the median groove is found on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The papillary crest on the dorsal surface of the body consists of cone-like papillae, which show significant differences in different species from the point of view of distribution, number, appearance, manner of placement, and degree of evolution. The epithelium of the dorsal surface of the tongue in some birds shows differences in specific areas of the organ based on nutritional patterns, type of food, and animal's environment. In birds, taste buds are mainly found at the base of the tongue and on the floor or roof of the mouth. Salivary glands show obvious species differences and are generally much more developed in grain-eating birds. In prey birds, they have little development and in some birds, they are absent. Lingual salivary glands are found in alveolar, tubulo-alveolar, and tubular types and are of serous and seromucous type. In many birds, the lingual salivary glands are located in two anterior and posterior groups without any anatomical continuity, in some birds, the parin layer in the mucous membrane of the organ is filled with mucous glands whose pores open on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue. The way of distribution and the anatomical position of these glands in the connective tissue of the tongue show differences in different species of birds.
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