اثر تاریخ کاشت و سولفات‌روی بر فنولوژی، شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد دانه بالنگوی شهری (Lallemantiaiberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمینا رستمی 1 , فرید شکاری 2 , کامران افصحی 3 , مجید خیاوی 4
1 - گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران
2 - گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران
3 - دانشگاه زنجان، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی،
4 - مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی زنجان، ایران
کلید واژه: اجزای عملکرد, سرعت رشد محصول, سرعت رشد نسبی, شاخص سطح برگ, مراحل فنولوژیک, وزن هزاردانه,
چکیده مقاله :
بالنگوی شهری به دلیل تولید دانه‌های روغنی، برگ‌های خوراکی و متابولیت‌های ثانویه دارای اهمیت غذایی، علوفه‌ای و دارویی است. انتخاب تاریخ مناسب کاشت در کنار تغذیه گیاهی می‌تواند اثر عمیقی روی تولید و کیفیت گیاهان زراعی داشته باشد. پژوهش حاضر جهت ارزیابی اثر تاریخ کاشت (25/12/1397، 25/01/1398 و 23/02/1398) و محلول‌پاشی سولفات روی (صفر، 2 و 4 گرم در لیتر) بر شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد بالنگوی شهری، به صورت مزرعه ای به اجرا درآمد. با تاخیر در کاشت طول دوره پیش از گلدهی، طول دوره پس از گلدهی، ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ (LAI)، سرعت رشد محصول (CGR)، سرعت رشد نسبی (RGR) و عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه کاهش پیدا کرد. در مقابل، استفاده از سولفات روی موجب افزایش ارتفاع بوته، LAI، CGR و RGR گردید. با افزایش ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی و تعداد کپسول در بوته نیز افزایش پیدا کرد. بیشترین اثر کاربرد سولفات روی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در تاریخ کاشت اول مشاهده شد و با تاخیر در کاشت کارایی استفاده از کود روی کاهش یافت. در تاریخ کاشت سوم کاربرد سولفات روی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر عملکرد دانه نداشت. تأخیر در کاشت موجب کاهش عملکرد از مسیر کاهش تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد کپسول در بوته و وزن هزاردانه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که کشت زودهنگام و کاربرد سولفات روی از مسیر افزایش طول دوره پیش از گلدهی و پس از گلدهی، LAI، RGR و CGR موجب افزایش ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد کپسول در بوته و وزن هزاردانه و در نتیجه موجب عملکرد دانه بالاتر در بالنگوی شهری گردید.
The production of oilseeds, edible leaves, and secondary metabolites of dragon's head makes it an important food, forage, and medicinal plant. Choosing a proper planting date and plant nutrition can make a significant effecton crop plantsgrowth, quality and yield.The effects of planting date (16 March, 14 April, and 13 May 2019) and foliar application of zinc sulfate (zero as control, 2 and 4 g.L-1) on growth indices and seed yield of dragon's head was evaluated under a field experiment.Delayed planting date reduced the days to flowering, days to seed ripening, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and grain yield, and yield components.In contrast, the use of zinc sulfate increased plant height, LAI, CGR and RGR. There was a correlation between plant height and number of branches and consequently there were more capsules per plant.The highest effect of zinc sulfate application on seed yield and yield components was observed in the first planting date and with delay in planting, the efficiency of zinc sulfate fertilizer application decreased. On the third planting date, zinc sulfate application had no significant effect on grain yield. As a result of late planting, fewer branches, fewer capsules per plant, and smaller seeds contributed to the yield reduction.It was found that early cultivation and application of zinc sulfate increased plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, and thus seed yield, by increasing the days to flowering, days to ripening, LAI, CGR, and RGR.
• Abbas, G., H. Younis, S. Naz, Z. Fatima, S. Hussain, M. Ahmed, and S. Ahmad. 2019. Effect of planting dates on agronomic crop production. In Agronomic Crops (pp. 131-147). Springer, Singapore.
• Adekpe, D.I., J.A.Y. Shebayan, U.F. Chiezey, and S. Miko. 2007. Yield responses of garlic (Allium sativum L.) to oxadiazon, date of planting and intra-row spacing under irrigation at Kadawa, Nigeria. Crop Protection. 26(12):1785-1789.
• Alkahtani, J., M.S. Elshikh, M.S. Alwahibi, A. Muhammad, M. Ahmad, and S. Khalid. 2020. Phosphorus and zinc fertilization influence crop growth rates and total biomass of coarse vs. fine types rice cultivars. Agronomy. 10(9): 1356.
• Al-Snafi, A.E. 2019. Medical benefit of Lallemantiaiberica-A review. Chemistry Journal. 3: 97-102.
• Álvaro, F., C. Royo, L.F. Garcíadel Moral, and D. Villegas. 2008. Grain filling and dry matter translocation responses to source–sink modifications in a historical series of durum wheat. Crop Science. 48(4):1523-1531.
• Badawy, E.S.M., S.E. El-Sherbeny, A.F.Y. El-Kady, and H. Amer. 2013. Influence of planting dates and distances on growth, yield and chemical constituents of Lallemantiaiberica (Bieb.) Fisch. And Mey. plant. Journal of Applied Science Research. 9(3): 2093-2103.
• Bana, R.S., S.D. Bamboriya, R.N. Padaria, R.K. Dhakar, S.L. Khaswan, R.L. Choudhary, and J.S. Bamboriya. 2022. Planting period effects on wheat productivity and water footprints: insights through adaptive trials and APSIM simulations. Agronomy. 12(1): 226.
• Bertero, H.D., and R.A. Ruiz. 2008. Determination of seed number in sea level quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy. 28(3): 186-194.
• D'Antuono, L.F., A. Moretti, and A.F. Lovato. 2002. Seed yield, yield components, oil content and essential oil content and composition of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. Industrial Crops and Products.15(1): 59-69.
• Dell, B., and S.A. Wilson. 1985. Effect of zinc supply on growth of three species of Eucalyptus seedlings and wheat. Plant and Soil. 88(3): 377-384.
• Fang, Y., L. Wang, Z. Xin, L. Zhao, X. An, and Q. Hu. 2008. Effect of foliar application of zinc, selenium, and iron fertilizers on nutrients concentration and yield of rice grain in China. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56(6): 2079-2084.
• Foulkes, M.J., M.P. Reynolds, and R. Sylvester-Bradley. 2009.Genetic improvement of grain crops: yield potential. Crop physiology: Applications for genetic improvement and agronomy (No. CIS-5658. CIMMYT.).
• Hay, R.K., and J.R. Porter. 2006. The physiology of crop yield. Blackwell Pub.
• Hunt, R. 1982. Plant growth curves. The functional approach to plant growth analysis. Edward Arnold Ltd.
• Janmohammadi, M., T. Amanzadeh, N. Sabaghnia, and S. Dashti. 2016. Impact of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the growth and yield components of barley under supplemental irrigation. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 107(2): 265 – 276.
• Li, X., R. Yadav, and K.H. Siddique. 2020. Neglected and underutilized crop species: the key to improving dietary diversity and fighting hunger and malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Frontiers in Nutrition, p.254.
• Miralles, D.J., B.C. Ferro, and G.A. Slafer. 2001. Developmental responses to sowing date in wheat, barley and rapeseed. Field Crops Research. 71(3):211-223.
• Mohammad ghasemi, V., S. Moghaddam, A. Rahimi, L. Pourakbar, and J. Popović-Djordjević. 2021. The effect of winter sowing, chemical, and nano-fertilizer sources on oil content and fatty acids of dragon’s head (Lallemantiaiberica Fischer & CA Meyrefeer). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 40(4):1714-1727.
• O'Toole, N., F.L. Stoddard, and L. O'Brien. 2001. Screening of chickpeas for adaptation to autumn sowing. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 186(3): 193-207.
• Pandey, A.C., S. Sanjay, and R.Yadav. 2010. Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 5(6): 488-497.
• Pandey, N., G.C. Pathak, and C.P. Sharma. 2006. Zinc is critically required for pollen function and fertilization in lentil. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 20(2): 89-96.
• Pathak, G.C., B. Gupta, and N. Pandey. 2012. Improving reproductive efficiency of chickpea by foliar application of zinc. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 24(3): 173-180.
• Peng, D., X. Tan, L. Zhang, D. Yuan, J. Lin, X. Liu, Y. Jiang, and B. Zhou. 2018. Increasing branch and seed yield through heterologous expression of the novel rice S-acyl transferase gene OsPAT15 in Brassica napus L. Breeding Science. 17126.
• Potarzycki, J., and W. Grzebisz. 2009. Effect of zinc foliar application on grain yield of maize and its yielding component. Plant, Soil and Environment. 55(12): 519-527.
• Ravi, S., H.T. Channal, and N. Ananda. 2008. Response of sulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on yield components and economics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Asian Journal of Soil Science. 3(1): 21-23.
• Rockström, J. 2003. Water for food and nature in drought–prone tropics: vapour shift in rain–fed agriculture. Biological Sciences. 358(1440):1997-2009.
• Sadeghzadeh, B. 2013. A review of zinc nutrition and plant breeding. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 13(4): 905-927.
• Shah, Z., and S.K. Khalil. 2016. Phosphorus and zinc interaction influence leaf area index in fine vs. coarse rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in Northwest Pakistan. Journal of Plant Stress Physiology. 2: 1-8.
• Shekari, F., F. Shekari, and E. Esfandiari. 2010. Physiology of crop production. (Translated to Persian). University of Maragheh Press.
• Singh, N.B., N. Amist, K. Yadav, D. Singh, J.K. Pandey, and S.C. Singh. 2013. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as fertilizer for the germination, growth and metabolism of vegetable crops. Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanomanufacturing. 3(4): 353-364.
• Sita, K., A. Sehgal, B. Hanumantha Rao, R.M. Nair, P.V. Vara Prasad, S. Kumar, P.M. Gaur, M. Farooq, K.H. Siddique, R.K. Varshney, and H. Nayyar. 2017. Food legumes and rising temperatures: effects, adaptive functional mechanisms specific to reproductive growth stage and strategies to improve heat tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 1658.
• Slafer, G.A. 2007. Physiology of determination of major wheat yield components. In Wheat production in stressed environments (pp. 557-565). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Takai, T., S. Matsuura, T. Nishio, A. Ohsumi, T. Shiraiwa, and T. Horie. 2006. Rice yield potential is closely related to crop growth rate during late reproductive period. Field Crops Research. 96(2-3): 328-335.
• Wasaya, A., M. Shahzad Shabir, M. Hussain, M. Ansar, A. Aziz, W. Hassan, and I. Ahmad. 2017. Foliar application of zinc and boron improved the productivity and net returns of maize grown under rainfed conditions of Pothwar plateau. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 17(1): 33-45.
• Xihuan, L., C. Wensuo, and Z. Caiying. 2008. Relations between sowing date, seeding density and grain yield of two introduced malting barley varieties. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei. 1: 6-11.
