علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
1 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشكده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
کلید واژه: باغبانی, خواص بیولوژیکی, سمیت گیاهی, کشاورزی پایدار, متابولیت¬های ثانویه,
چکیده مقاله :
علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی چکیده کاربرد علف‌کش از دیرباز به عنوان کارآمدترین روش کنترل علف‌های هرز در تولیدات کشاورزی در سراسر جهان می¬باشد. با این حال، استفاده طولانی مدت از مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی اثرات منفی متعددی بر محصولات و محیط زیست دارد. در سال‌های اخیر، توسعه محصولات جدید مبتنی بر ترکیبات زیست فعال برای کنترل زیستی علف¬های هرز اهمیت پیدا کرده است زیرا به کاهش استفاده از ترکیبات و علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی در کشاورزی کمک می‌کند. علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی، می‌توانند منجر به اثرات نامطلوب مانند بیماری‌های انسانی و همچنین بدلیل جابجایی آنها در هوا و ماندگاری در محیط¬های مختلف، محیط زیست را مختل می‌کنند. به نظر می¬رسد استفاده از مولکول¬های طبیعی، جایگزین بسیار خوبی برای حفظ کشاورزی پایدار و بدون عوارض جانبی منفی علف¬کش¬های مصنوعی است. در این زمینه، عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی و اجزای آنها به لطف فعالیت¬های زیست¬کشی شناخته شده¬اند. اسانس¬ها منبع مهمی از ترکیبات فعال بیولوژیکی هستند، ترپن¬های اکسیژن¬دار، و مونو و سسکوی¬ترپن¬ها، نقش اصلی را در سمیت گیاهی اسانس¬ها ایفا می¬کنند. اسانس¬ها و اجزای آنها، عمدتاً ترپنوئیدها، به عنوان ترکیبات طبیعی خالص یا مخلوط، بدلیل تنوع ساختاری و فعالیت سمیت گیاهی قوی، می¬توانند نامزدهای خوبی برای علف¬کش¬های زیستی جدید یا به عنوان مواد اولیه برای علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی جدید باشد. واژه¬های کلیدی: باغبانی، خواص بیولوژیکی، سمیت گیاهی، کشاورزی پایدار، متابولیت¬های ثانویه مقدمه علف¬های هرز یک محدودیت مهم برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی هستند (Jugulam. 2017). علف¬های هرز تقریباً 1/0 درصد از فلور جهان را تشکیل می¬دهند و با شیوه¬های کشاورزی تکامل می¬یابند. علف¬های هرز می¬توانند از طریق رقابت برای منابعی مانند نور، آب و مواد غذایی و با تولید ترکیبات شیمیایی موسوم به ترکیبات آللوپاتیک باعث کاهش عملکرد محصول شوند (Rice. 1984).
چکیده انگلیسی:
Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Phytotoxicity of essential oils: Opportunities and constraints for the development of biopesticides. A review. Foods. 9: 1291. Zhang J, An M, Wu H, Li Liu D, Stanton R. 2012. Chemical composition of essential oils of four Eucalyptus species and their phytotoxicity on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) in Australia. Plant Growth Regulation. 68: 231–237. Biological herbicides based on extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants Abstract The use of herbicides has long been considered the most efficient method of weed control in agricultural production all over the world. However, the long-term use of agrochemicals has several negative effects on crops and the environment. In recent years, the development of new products based on bioactive compounds for the biological control of weeds has become important because it helps to reduce the use of synthetic compounds and herbicides in agriculture. Synthetic herbicides can lead to adverse effects such as human diseases and also disrupt the environment due to their movement in the air and persistence in different environments. It seems that the use of natural molecules is a very good alternative to maintain sustainable agriculture without the negative side effects of synthetic herbicides. In this context, extracts and essences of medicinal plants and their components are known thanks to their biocidal activities. Essential oils are an important source of biologically active compounds, oxygenated terpenes, and mono and sesquiterpenes play the main role in the phytotoxicity of essential oils. Essential oils and their components, mainly terpenoids, as pure or mixed natural compounds, can be good candidates for new biological herbicides or as raw materials for new synthetic herbicides due to their structural diversity and strong phytotoxic activity. Keywords: horticulture, biological properties, phytotoxicity, sustainable agriculture, secondary metabolites
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