تأثیر سطوح مختلف اکسین، سیتوکینین و جیبرلین بر رشد، ترکیبات فنلی و فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه Opuntia cylindrica

محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتی

سیده زهره میری ¹ , طاهره السادات آقاجانزاده ² , آرین ساطعی ³ , مهدی عبادی ⁴

1 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران
2 - گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
3 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران
4 - گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1403/05/23 تاریخ پذیرش : 1403/07/17 تاریخ انتشار : 1403/09/28

کلید واژه: سیستم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی, رشد, هورمون, اپونتیا سیلیندریکا, پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک,

چکیده مقاله :

کاکتوس‌ها یکی از مهم‌ترین و متنوع‌ترین خانواده گیاهی هستند که در سراسر دنیا برای اهداف مختلفی از جمله خوراکی، دارویی، آرایشی و زینتی کشت می­شوند. تحقیق حاضر به‌منظور بررسی رشد و تغییرات فیزیولوژیکی کاکتوس اپونتیا سیلندریکا تحت تیمار هورمون­ های اکسین، سیتوکینین و جیبرلین در غلظت­ های 250، 500 و 1000 میلی­ گرم بر لیتر به‌صورت طرح کاملا تصادفی در سال 1399 در گلخانه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرگان انجام شد. تیمار اکسین نه تنها تغییر معنی­ داری بر وزن تر و ارتفاع قلمه‌های کاکتوس ایجاد نکرد، تاثیر معنی‌داری بر میزان رنگدانه‌ها، قند و پروتئین محلول، ترکیبات فنولیک به استثنا فلاونوئیدها و فعالیت آنزیم‌های فنیل آلانین­ آمونیا­لیاز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز نیز نداشته است. اما تیمار کاکتوس با سیتوکینین باعث افزایش معنی‌دار وزن تر، میزان پروتئین محلول، ترکیبات فنولیک (فنل کل و فلاونوئیدها) و همچنین فعالیت آنزیم‌های فنیل­ آلانین­ آمونیا­لیاز، سوپر اکسیددیسموتاز و پراکسیداز شد. تیمار جیبرلین باعث کاهش وزن تر به میزان 14 و 23 درصد و کاهش چشمگیر میزان رنگدانه کلروفیلa  به میزان 31 و 70 درصد و کلروفیل  b به میزان 37 و 68 درصد و فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز به میزان 60 و 50 درصد به ترتیب در غلظت­ های 500 و 1000 میلی­ گرم بر لیتر شد. درحالیکه میزان ترکیبات فنولیک و فعالیت آنزیم‌های فنیل ­آلانین­ آمونیا­لیاز و سوپر اکسیددیسموتاز افزایش معنی‌داری یافت. به‌نظر می‌رسد که سیتوکینین در غلظت­ های 500 و 1000 میلی­ گرم بر لیتر به‌عنوان بهترین غلظت باعث تقویت رشد کاکتوس اپونتیا سیلندریکا با ظرفیت فنلی و آنتی‌اکسیدانی بالا شد. در مقابل کاهش وزن تر و میزان کلروفیل‌ها در قلمه‌های کاکتوس تیمار شده با جیبرلین حکایت از وجود استرس در گیاه داشت که افزایش میزان ترکیبات فنولیک و فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی مخصوصا در غلظت ­های 500 و 1000 میلی­ گرم بر لیتر احتمالا باعث تعدیل استرس شد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Cacti are among the most important and diverse plant families cultivated worldwide for various purposes, including food, medicine, cosmetic, and ornamental. To investigate the growth and physiological changes of Opuntia cylindrica under the treatment of auxin (IBA), cytokinin (Kin), and gibberellin (GA) hormones in concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L, this study was conducted in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Gorgan branch in 2020. The IBA treatment not only did not cause a significant change in the fresh weight (FW) and height, but also had no significant effect on the content of pigments, sugar, soluble protein, and phenolic compounds except flavonoids, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. But the treatment of cactus with Kin was caused a significant increase in FW, content of soluble protein, phenolic compounds, and increase the activity of PAL, SOD, and peroxidase (POD) enzymes. GA treatment caused a decrease in FW by 14 and 23%, a significant decrease in the content of pigments Chl. a by 31 and 70% and Chl. b by 37 and 68% and POD enzyme activity by 60 and 50% at 500 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. While the content of phenolic compounds and the activity of PAL and SOD enzymes were significantly enhanced. It seems that Kin at the concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/L was the best treatment for reinforcement of the growth of O. cylindrica with high phenolic and antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the decrease in FW and the content of chlorophylls in plant treated with GA, indicated the presence of stress in the plant, and the increase in the content of phenolic compounds and the activity of antioxidant enzymes specially at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/L probably moderated the stress.

 

منابع و مأخذ:

Ahmad, A., Ali, H., Khan, H., Begam, A., Khan, S., Ali, S.S., Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Ali, M., Hano, C., Ahmad, N. and Abbasi, B.H. 2020. Effect of gibberellic acid on production of biomass, polyphenolics and steviol glycosides in adventitious root cultures of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.). Plants, 9(4): 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040420
Akkol, E.K., Goger, F., Kosar, M. and Baser, H.C. 2008. Phenolic composition and biological activities of Salvia halophile and Salvia virgata from Turkey. Food Chemistry, 108: 942-949.
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44(1): 276-287.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein day binding. Analitical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
Bouzroud, S., El Maaiden E., Sobeh, M., Devkota, K.P., Boukcim, H., Kouisni, L. and El Kharrassi, Y. 2022. Micropropagation of Opuntia and other cacti species through axillary shoot proliferation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 926653.
Casas, A. and Barbera, G. 2002. Mesoamerican domestication and diffusion. p. 143-162. In: P.S. Nobel (eds.), Cacti: Biology and Uses, University of California Press.
Cortés-Olmos, C., Guerra-Sandoval, V.M., Blanca-Giménez, V. and Rodríguez-Burruezo, A. 2023. Micropropagation and acclimatization of Gymnocalycium cv. Fancy (Cactaceae): Developmental responses to different explant types and hormone conditions. Plants, 12 (23): 3932. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233932
Cortleven, A. and Schmülling, T. 2015. Regulation of chloroplast development and function by cytokinin. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66: 4999–5013.
Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., Hnatuszko-Konka, K., Zarzycka, M. and Kuźma, L. 2020. The Stimulatory effect of purine-type cytokinins on proliferation and polyphenolic compound accumulation in shoot culture of Salvia viridis. Biomolecules, 10(2): 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020178
Hönig, M., Plihalova, L., Husickova, A., Nisler, J. and Dolezal, K. 2018. Role of cytokinins in senescence, antioxidant defence and photosynthesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12): 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124045
Hultine, K.R., Hernández-Hernández, T., Williams, D.G., Albeke, S.E., Tran, N., Puente, R. and Larios, E. 2023. Global change impacts on cacti (Cactaceae): Current threats, challenges and conservation solutions. Annals of Botany, 132 (4): 671–683.
Inglese, P., Liguori, G. and de la Barrera, E. 2017. Ecophysiology and reproductive biology of cultivated cacti. p. 29-41. In: P. Inglese, C. Mondragón, A. Nefzaoui and C. Sáenz (eds.), Crop ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear, Vol. 4, crop ecology, cultivation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Rome.
Irigoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84: 67–72.
Krzemińska, I., Szymanska, M., Ciempiel, W. and Piasecka, A. 2023. Auxin supplementation under nitrogen limitation enhanced oleic acid and MUFA content in Eustigmatos calaminaris biomass with potential for biodiesel production. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 1-11.
Lema-Ruminska, J. and Kulus, D. 2014. Micropropagation of cacti-a review. Haseltonia, 19(19): 46-63.
Li, X., Cai, Z., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Han, Z., Yang, G., Li, S., Xie, Z., Liu, L. and Li, B. 2024. Effects of gibberellic acid on soluble sugar content, organic acid composition, endogenous hormone levels, and carbon sink strength in shine muscat grapes during berry development stage. Horticulturae, 10: 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040346
Lichtenthaler, H. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method Enzymology, 148: 350-382.
Lin, D., Xiao, M., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Xing, B., Li, X., Kong, M., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, H., Qin, W., Wu, H. and Chen, S. 2016. An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes. Molecules, 21(10):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101374
Liu, X., Li, Y. and Zhong, S. 2017. Interplay between light and plant hormones in the control of Arabidopsis seedling chlorophyll biosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8:1433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01433
Loreti, E., Povero, G., Novi, G., Solfanelli, C., Alpi, A. and Perata, P. 2008. Gibberellins, jasmonate and abscisic acid modulate the sucrose-induced expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist, 179(4): 1004-1016.
Madrigal-Santillán, E., Portillo-Reyes, J., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, M., Mercado-Gonzalez, P.E., Izquierdo-Vega, J.A., Vargas-Mendoza, N., Álvarez-González, I., Fregoso-Aguilar, T. and Delgado-Olivares, L. 2022. Opuntia genus in human health: A comprehensive summary on its pharmacological, therapeutic and preventive properties. Part 1. Horticulturae, 8(2): 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020088
Masukasu, H., Karin, O. and Kyoto, H., 2003. Enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis by sugar in radish (Raphanus sativus) hypocotyls. Plant Science, 164(2): 259-265.
Miceli, A., Moncada, A., Sabatino, L. and Vetrano, F. 2019. Effect of gibberellic acid on growth, yield, and quality of leaf lettuce and rocket grown in a floating system. Agronomy, 9(7): 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070382
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, 22(5): 867–880.
Prisa, D. 2023. Opuntia plants nutritive and medicinal value: A review. Journal of Current Science and Technology, 13: 486-499.
Rajput, V.D., Singh, R.K., Verma, K.K., Sharma, L., Quiroz-Figueroa, F.R., Meena, M., Gour, V.S., Minkina, T., Sushkova, S. and Mandzhieva, S. 2021. Recent developments in enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanism in plants with special reference to abiotic stress. Biology, 10(4): 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040267
Ritz, C.M., Reiker, J., Charles, G., Hoxey, P., Hunt, D., Lowry, M., Stuppy, W. and Taylor, N. 2012. Molecular phylogeny and character evolution in terete-stemmed Andean opuntias (Cactaceae−Opuntioideae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65: 668–681.
Rolland, F., Baena-Gonzalez, E. and Sheen, J. 2006. Sugar sensing and signaling in plants: Conserved and novel mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57: 675-709.
Sardoei, A.S., Shahadadi, F., Vakili, M.A. and Gholamshahi, S. 2014. Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of marigold (Calendula officinalis). International Journal of Biosciences, 4(3): 80-84.
Saunders, J.A. and McClure, J.W. 1974. The suitability of a quantitive spectrophotometric assay for phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in barely, buckwheat and pea seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology, 54: 412-413.
Shedbalkar, U.U., Adki, V.S., Jadhav, J.P. and Bapat, V.A. 2010. Opuntia and other cacti: Applications and biotechnological insights. Tropical Plant Biology Journal, 3: 136–150.
Singleton, V. and Rossi, J. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolic compounds with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16: 144-158.
Sosnowski, J., Truba, M. and Vasileva, V. 2023. The Impact of Auxin and cytokinin on the growth and development of selected crops. Agriculture, 13(3): 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030724
Stavi, I. 2022. Ecosystem services related with Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear cactus): A review of challenges and opportunities. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 46(6): 815–841.
Thygesen, L., Thulin, J., Mortensen, A., Skibsted, L.H. and Molgaard, P. 2007. Antioxidant activity of cichoric acid and alkamides from Echinacea purpurea, alone and in combination. Food Chemistry, 101(1): 74-81.
Vlckova, A., Spundova, M., Kotabova, E., Novotny, R., Dolezal, K. and Naus, J. 2006. Protective cytokinin action switches to damaging during senescence of detached wheat leaves in continuous light. Journal of Plant Physiology, 126: 257–267.
Zhang, X. and Liu, C. 2015. Multifaceted regulations of gateway enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Molecular Plant, 8(1): 17-27.
Zubo, Y.O., Yamburenko, M.V., Selivankina, S.Y., Shakirova, F.M., Avalbaev, A.M., Kudryakova, N.V., Zubkova, N.K., Liere, K., Kulaeva, O.N. and Kusnetsov, V.V. 2008. Cytokinin stimulates chloroplast transcription in detached barley leaves. Plant Physiology, 148: 1082–1093.