انسان نالِدی: بینشهای جدید دربارة شجرهنامة پیچیدة انسان
محورهای موضوعی : باستانشناسی پیش از تاریخ
1 - دانشآموخته دکتری باستانشناسی پیش از تاریخ، گروه باستانشناسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: انسان نالدی, انساننما, تدفین, حکاکی, دیرینانسانشناسی, باستانشناسی پیشازتاریخ,
چکیده مقاله :
قطعات اسکلتی سنگوارهشده نشان میدهد خانوادۀ انساننماها در حدود هفتمیلیون سال پیش وجود داشتهاند. در طی سالهای گذشته سابقۀ سنگوارهای انسانهای اولیه و استرالوپیتهکوسها بهسرعت افزایش یافته است و این شواهد انباشته دیدگاه ما را دربارۀ پیدایش جنسمان تغییر داده است. ساختار غار رایزینگ استار، بخشی از محوطۀ میراث جهانی گهوارۀ بشریت در آفریقای جنوبی، برای سالها توسط غارنوردان مورد کاوش قرار گرفته بود، ولی به هیچ سنگوارهای از آنجا اشاره نشده بود. این موضوع در سپتامبر 2013 (اوایل پاییز ۱۳۹۲) تغییر کرد، زمانی که دو غارنورد آفریقای جنوبی، نخستین استخوانهای سنگوارهای شناختهشده از چیزی را که اکنون انسان نالدی نامیده میشود، در آن یافتند. مجموعۀ نالدی غنیترین مجموعه از انساننماهایی است که تا به حال در آفریقا کشف شده است. انسان نالدی به همان اندازه که دانش ما را ارتقاء میدهد، پیچیدگی شجرهنامۀ انسان و ناآگاهی ما دربارۀ انسان باستانی را نیز برجسته میکند. در این پژوهش تلاش بر آن شده تا با کمک تازهترین یافتهها و دادهها، پژوهشگران پارسیزبان را با این گونۀ انسانی آشنا کنیم. عرصۀ ورودمان کتابخانهای و روش پژوهش اسنادی است. نخست دربارۀ کشف و شناسایی این گونۀ انسانی سخن خواهیم گفت و در ادامه به بررسی ریختشناسی او در مقایسه با دیگر گونههای انسانی میپردازیم. انجام تدفین توسط انسان نالدی را از نظر میگذرانیم و سرانجام حکاکیهای منتسب به او را بحث و بررسی خواهیم کرد. بیشک آگاهی از این اکتشافات تازه که نور بیشتری بر خاستگاه انسانها میتاباند، ما را در فهم درست درخت تبارزایی انسان و پیچیدگی آن یاریرسان خواهد بود.
Fossilized skeletal fragments show that the hominin family existed approximately seven million years ago. Over the past years, the fossil record of early humans and Australopithecus has increased rapidly, and this accumulating evidence has changed our view of the origin of our genus. The Rising Star Cave structure, part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa, has been explored by cavers for years, but no fossils have been identified. That changed in September 2013, when two South African cavers found the first known fossilized bones of what is now called Homo Naledi on the floor. The Naledi collection is the richest assemblage of hominins ever discovered in Africa. As much as it advances our knowledge, Homo Naledi also highlights the complexity of the human family tree and our ignorance of ancient humans. In this research, an attempt has been made to familiarize Persian-speaking researchers with this human species with the help of the latest findings and data. This research has been done by documentary method. First, I explain how the discovery and identification of this human species, and then examine the morphology of Homo Naledi in comparison with other human species. Further, I consider the burial by Homo Naledi, and finally, I discuss the engravings attributed to him. The knowledge of these discoveries, which shed more light on the origin of humans, will help us understand the human phylogenetic tree and its complexity.
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