Youth, Social Capital and Political Development in Bandar Gaz
محورهای موضوعی :
Jafar Mallah
1
,
ابوالقاسم حیدرآبادی
2
,
سیف الله فرزانه
3
1 - PhD Student of Economic Sociology and Development, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
2 - هیات علمی گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد بابل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بابل، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، واحد بابل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بابل، ایران
کلید واژه: Political development, social capital, trust, social participation, Bandar Gaz.,
چکیده مقاله :
One of the most important aspects of development in any society is political development that may be associated with crisis in political participation. Political development is influenced by social, economic and cultural factors. The article was aimed at explaining political development among young people according to the variable of social capital. The method was a survey and was collected by the information questionnaire. All youth of the 15- to 40 -year -old port of Gaz have been selected as a statistical population of 36785. The cluster sampling method is multi -stage and the sample size is 380 people based on Cochran formula. The Results show that the mean political development variable is 2.01, which is above average. Political partnerships with an average of 2.31 have the highest average and the political freedom with an average of 1.76 has the lowest average among the dimensions of political development. The average social capital is less than the theoretical average of 3 and equals 2.77, so social capital is less than average. Social capital variable has a positive and direct relationship with political development. The results show that the role and confidence of social capital and social capital indicators in increasing and accelerating the political development of the port of Gaz should be taken into account. Therefore, by increasing trust, one can increase political trust and social trust and provide the basis for the political development of society.
One of the most important aspects of development in any society is political development that may be associated with crisis in political participation. Political development is influenced by social, economic and cultural factors. The article was aimed at explaining political development among young people according to the variable of social capital. The method was a survey and was collected by the information questionnaire. All youth of the 15- to 40 -year -old port of Gaz have been selected as a statistical population of 36785. The cluster sampling method is multi -stage and the sample size is 380 people based on Cochran formula. The Results show that the mean political development variable is 2.01, which is above average. Political partnerships with an average of 2.31 have the highest average and the political freedom with an average of 1.76 has the lowest average among the dimensions of political development. The average social capital is less than the theoretical average of 3 and equals 2.77, so social capital is less than average. Social capital variable has a positive and direct relationship with political development. The results show that the role and confidence of social capital and social capital indicators in increasing and accelerating the political development of the port of Gaz should be taken into account. Therefore, by increasing trust, one can increase political trust and social trust and provide the basis for the political development of society.
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ISSN: 2645-5498, SSYJ
2024, 15 (52), 43-64
Youth, Social Capital and Political Development in Bandar Gaz
Jafar Mallah1
Abolghasem Heidarabadi*2
Seyfollah Farzaneh3
Received 3 October 2023, Accepted 26 March 2024
Abstract
One of the most important aspects of development in any society is political development that may be associated with crisis in political participation. Political development is influenced by social, economic and cultural factors. The article was aimed at explaining political development among young people according to the variable of social capital. The method was a survey and was collected by the information questionnaire. All youth of the 15- to 40 -year -old port of Gaz have been selected as a statistical population of 36785. The cluster sampling method is multi -stage and the sample size is 380 people based on Cochran formula.
The Results show that the mean political development variable is 2.01, which is above average. Political partnerships with an average of 2.31 have the highest average and the political freedom with an average of 1.76 has the lowest average among the dimensions of political development. The average social capital is less than the theoretical average of 3 and equals 2.77, so social capital is less than average. Social capital variable has a positive and direct relationship with political development. The results show that the role and confidence of social capital and social capital indicators in increasing and accelerating the political development of the port of Gaz should be taken into account. Therefore, by increasing trust, one can increase political trust and social trust and provide the basis for the political development of society.
Keywords: Political development, social capital, trust, social participation, Bandar Gaz.
1. Introduction
One of the most important aspects of development in any society is political development. Political development can affect other aspects of development such as economic development, social development, cultural development, human development and psychological development. As a result, the close relationship between political development and other dimensions of development is visible. The ruling political structure in each country, if it can provide a suitable, appropriate and timely response to the crisis, can consolidate its political development infrastructure in all areas (Ghalahi, 2010: 3).
Political systems to move towards political development typically face problems that can have internal or external grounds. These problems are in the internal sphere due to the opposition of the masses or the elite of society and in the external domain direct or indirect interference. When these problems find depth, they can become a crisis. For this reason, crossing crises is one of the most important issues that lead society to political development (Saveh Daroudi et al., 2013: 35). Question of human nature according to the social order that governs him, the question of the modification of the order, the question of the amount of modern human freedom to change that order, the question of the material resources available to modern human beings, or the discussion of the political development and crises that be passed by realization. This process comes from one of the important issues that has attracted a large number of researchers in this field (Khajeh Sarvi, 1998: 233).
Political development has been the focus of political science scientists in the late 1950s and early 60s. Political development, of its importance and function, communicates with a variety of areas and topics such as economics, national security, culture, legitimacy, globalization, and other issues that can provide problems for a government. When these problems find depth, they can become a crisis. In fact, the issue of political development and the need to eliminate the crises in its path is one of the topics that has occupied the minds of the government of men and scholars of social and political sciences (Akhavan Kazemi and Shakir Mennaghi, 2021: 42). Political renovation is associated with political participation. Political renovation deals with the superstructure aspects of development, political development is related to infrastructure changes (Bashirieh, 2002: 210). Today, development thinkers and experts consider participation as one of the most important pillars of development (Alikhani, 2008: 69). Some indicators of its economic growth (Qavam, 2005: 11), Economic Growth and Psychological Index (Huntington, 2000: 34). Political culture (Rosheh, 1997: 65), Political Legitimization (Pie, 2001) and Political Participation (Moeinipour, 2010: 3).
The favorable transition of contemporary Iranian society from traditional order to modern requires the political participation of citizens, and the realization of this partnership also requires the provision of important preachers, including social capital. In this regard, social capital is an important factor in determining the role and how it influences political participation and, possibly, to the potential of its potential, has recently received special attention in scientific circles, and knowledge of social capital to provide political participation and ultimately assistance. It is important for political development and development and development of democracy. Therefore, it is assumed that social capital increases the capacity of individuals' political action and thus increases the likelihood of their political involvement (Habibpour and Mousavi Solar, 2016: 359). In developing societies, the process of political renovation and development has not been well shaped, and there is a big difference with political development in developed countries. Still in developing societies such as Iran, political development indicators such as political participation and freedom of choice and democracy have not fully occurred, and what is the main issue for political development in society. One of the most important issues of any society is its economic, political, social, and cultural development, which, in terms of its particular importance and credibility, is usually at the forefront of governments' agenda. The revolutionary community of Iran has also begun the era of construction, growth, prosperity, and development, especially with the end of the imposed war.
The history of Iran's developments shows that the Iranian people have always been a freelance and liberal people (Barzegar, 1996, 33). Iran has had numerous political, social and cultural cuts due to its geographical and political situation and being in a immigrant region. Some of the political traditions that have historically become Iranian behavioral habits have been one of the major obstacles to political development in Iran. These behaviors include relatively many cases, such as submission or domination of the culture of surrender, the tradition of authoritarianism and tyranny, the tradition of conspiracy violence, the tradition of individualism and individualism, and ultimately the tradition of disobedience (Aywazi and Mansourzadeh, 2011). Political culture is the product of the history of the political system in various periods that are rooted in public behavior as well as personal experience, and its careful study shows the process of converting demands and demands into decisions, strategies and policies. Accordingly, the analysis of the various dimensions of political culture reflects the relationship between political authority and values and enables us to evaluate the legitimacy of the political system, and since the environment is a value system, the political culture of the people's orientations It determines to institutions, structures, and political practices. The lack of political participation, the way to vote, support and disregard the political system depends significantly on the values, beliefs, ideas and institutionalized institutions (Inglehart, 1995: 21-19). Jahangiri et al. (2019) conclude that political crises and underdevelopment are mutually crisis. Political also plays a negative role in the political development process and provides fundamental challenges for the political system and its citizens. Political corruption will also reduce citizens' trust in the system and reduce the political system to reduce legitimacy (Jahangiri et al., 2019: 99).
Bandar Gaz is one of the cities of Golestan province that has not grown significantly based on evidence in the field of political development and is pale and political parties are pale. The results of Nastaran and Fatahi's research (2009) show that the coordinated distribution of facilities and services in the cities of Golestan province. Gorgan, Bandar Gaz and Kordkoy are ranked first in the province and the cities of Turkmenistan, Minoodasht, Azadshahr and Aqqala are in the first place in Gorgan, Gaz and Kordkoy. Saeedi et al. (2019) believe that the level of human life has been evolving with the growth and development of human science and knowledge. However, this growth is not the same in all human regions and settlements, and as a result, different societies have been created with different economic development levels. Evaluation and Situation of Social Economic Development of Golestan Province, emphasizing the extent of the development of villages, showed that Gonbad city with a rate of 0.92 and Bandar Gaz city with a rate of 0.12 (last development rank) got. Khoshfar and Mirzakhani evaluated both the level of social capital as well as the development of the Bandar Gaz (Khoshfar and Mirzakhani, 2016: 21). But Lotfi (2017) showed that political development in Bandar Gaz is very low (Lotfi, 2017: 695). Accordingly, in this article, the purpose of the sociological explanation and explanation of political development in Bandar Gaz. On the one hand, the effects of social factors such as social capital on the dimensions of political development have been addressed, and on the other hand, the barriers and crisis of political development in Bandar Gaz are examined. So the article seeks to answer the question of what the role of social capital and its dimensions in political development is? And which of these dimensions of capital can have a more accurate explanation of political development?
2. Review of Literature
In the field of theoretical foundations, the theoretical dimensions and the views and theories related to the basic concepts of research, namely political development, are discussed. Political development theories can be divided into two categories of sociological theories and state -owned theories. Socialist theories consider the basis of the realization of political development to be upward, which is organized on the orbit of civil society, but state -of -the -art theories consider the basis of political development from the top to the bottom, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward, which is downward. It is determined by the orbit of the legitimate and powerful state. The selection of each of the two origins is a function of the characteristics of society and the state in different societies (Dabiri Mehr, 2014: 179). Political development is the political participation of citizens and the competition of a group that scientists such as Robert Dal, Idm, David Appher and Eisenstet have identified these characteristics as the criterion of political development (Bashirieh, 2001: 11). Daniel Lerner and Lucin Pi have also identified the election as an indicator of political participation (Badie, 1996, 41 - 79).
Samuel Huntington and Nelson have described the main condition for political development as political participation (Moeinipour, 2010: 3). Others, while confirming this important indicator, have considered the ability of the political system to respond to the political crises of society as a condition for the realization of political development. In this regard, Lucin Pay believed that if a political system could succeed in the political and social crises, it would also make the process of realizing political development (Pay, 2001: 64). Other indicators emphasized by political science scholars are mutual trust between society and the political system. These thinkers, including Almond and Powell, believed that if the political relations of a society were based on trust between the political community and the political system, the political development process would be successful (Almond, 1996: 79).
Political development is the political participation of citizens and the competition of a group that scientists such as Robert Dal, Idm, David Appher and Eisenstet have identified these characteristics as the criterion of political development (Bashirieh, 2001, 11). Daniel Lerner and Lucin Pi have also identified the election as an indicator of political participation (Badie, 1996, 41 and 79). Political development is one of the main aspects of a country development. For Huntington, the most important factor in political development in countries is political participation. They see political participation as a function of the process of economic and social development and the decisions of the ruling elites and their policies; In other words, the elites facilitate and encourage sections of society in politics to consolidate their power, strengthen national independence, social reforms and reduce socio -economic inequality, etc. (Ghavam, 2003: 16). For Huntington, modernization of the next process implies a change in all areas of human thought and action, political renovation, the change in the political system, and the recipient of changes in political structure, political culture, and political processes, political renovation such as political development. It is (Alam, 2004: 111-110).
Gabriel Almond has developed the theory in terms of the functionality of political systems, according to which political systems will be changed or developed after new capabilities related to their social and international environment. Each political system has faced or faced four challenges or will be: Governance, nation -building, participation and distribution or prosperity (architects and Pakistani, 2006). In terms of behaviorals, expediency, preference for collective activities over individualism, solidarity and covenant with the political system, he viewed political relations based on mutual confidence as a criterion of political development and structurally on structural diversity, culture. The worldly and high level of independence of the subsystems emphasize (Nazari et al., 2013). Almond and Varba (1975: 211) believe that he can make a short -sighted, mental, and partnership or partnership. It is in the face of the fact that the family has been found to be the same as the other This is a human being, in the secondary lifestyle, and the humanitarian will be able to do so. From the point of view of the firm, it would be a closest to the number of people (mystics, 2004: 76). In this theoretical theory of the subject, or to the extension of the places, on the occasion of the places The coming from the stories of the stuff and the extent and the impact of the people and the souls on the most outdated. They do not have their data from your data that has a manner within my headquarters, and a man who is in the field. They have a better human being. In their view, one of the many people is not the same as that of the houses and the facts And it is possible to make it possible for it to do so, and not to see it. (Erfani, 2004: 100). The enforcement agency is the case, the most important of the most commonplace (Panahi, 2007: 33).
Leonard Binder has summarized political development in three concepts of equality, capacity and separation of tasks. Biverdar believes that development is endless and that the development of underdeveloped countries is different and unpredictable (Creditian Khorasgani and Gholipour Moghaddam, 2017: 131). He believes that the political crises in the way of developing countries include identity, legitimacy, participation, influence and distribution. He believes that the distinction between developed industrialized countries from developing countries is that they have been successful in the past in a successful way of identity, legitimacy, participation, influence and distribution, especially identity and legitimacy crises. (Seifzadeh, 1989).
Eisensadat has made political development diversified and specialized in the political structure and the distribution of political authority in all parts and areas of society (Mehdi Khani, 2001: 183). Eisensadat relates political development to a variety of specialized and specialized construction and the distribution of political authority in all sectors and areas of society. In his view, as much as society has structures that each have an independent identity for themselves, it will increase its political development (Eisensadat, 1964). Alfred Diamond also views political development as a major form, which allows and the successful and successful maintenance of new goals and demands and creation of new types of organizations. Increases. He says that to continue the process, independent and centralized political structure is needed (Aminzadeh, 1997).
Huntington assesses the concept of political development based on the extent of industrialization, mobility and social equipment, economic growth and political participation, and believes that since new demands emerge in the process of political development, the political system must be present. Having the capacity and capabilities needed to change the situation, otherwise the system will face instability and chaos, authoritarianism, and political deterioration (Hanthigton, 2001: 11-12) and the society may deal with these disobediences in the form of revolution. Slow (Ghavam, 2003: 16). Increasing political and social participation means increasing the share of individuals in the development of society.
Huntington believes; There is a reverse relationship between the expansion of individual social mobility opportunities and the short -term political participation, and if people can, by raising the level of education, moving to a more productive job, or earning more money to their goals, the same improvement of economic and social status It is self-centered, usually abusing politics and social activity (Rabiei, 2001: 75-74). For Hanthigon, as a political system becomes intolerable, from dependence on independence, from flexibility to flexibility, and dispersal of unity, it will increase its political development (Nazari and others, others, 2013). Like Jagurab, Huntington believes that the stability of any government is in a proper relationship between institutionalizing policies and political participation. Political stability arises when political participation increases, such as complexity, independence, adaptation and cohesion of the political institutions of society. The expansion of political participation must be accompanied by the creation of strong, complex and independent institutions.
Lucin views political development as an increase in the capacity of the system to meet people's needs and desires, structural diversity, specialization of structures, as well as increased political participation (Ghavam, 1991: 9-10). It is thought that, in order to fulfill the favorable development of a political system, one must successfully cross a series of crises. He does not consider the precedence and delay in dealing with the crisis; Because the social and political conditions of different societies are different in terms of each of these crises. He is three important features of the concept of political development including equality, capacity and gradual change. In the theoretical perspective, Albert Bandura considers political action to be influenced by an individual factor in the title of "self -esteem" and a structure as "confidence in the political environment". Political trust is a process of confidence in government and political self -esteem ”(Rabiei: 2001, 40). In this study, social capital and its dimensions are considered as the independent and political variable of political development as the dependent variable. The assumptions of this research have used various theories in the field of political development, which can be seen on the views of Hanthigton, Parsons and others.
Habibpour and Mousavi Khorshidi (2021) showed that there is a positive relationship between all the components of social capital and the political participation of the citizens of Qom. However, according to the results of the multiple regression analysis, out of the sum of the four variables of social trust, social cohesion, awareness and informal social participation, only two variables of informal social consciousness and social participation have a direct impact on political participation, in which case the share of awareness variable is greater than social participation. It is informal, but the results of the analysis showed that all these four variables were able to influence one of the three direct, indirect and simultaneous (both direct and indirect) forms of Qom's political participation, among them the greatest impact on the order of respectively. The variables have been informal social participation, social trust and social cohesion. Therefore, citizens with higher political participation are citizens who have more awareness, social trust, informal social participation, and more harmony with the value and normative system of society. Jafari Nejad et al. (2021) show that there is a correlation between social political development and different aspects of social capital among the academic community of Tehran. In the event of a correlation between the dimensions of social capital and social political development, it can be said that the highest correlation between the cognitive dimension of social capital is cooperation and values, and in the subsequent structural dimension (networks and relations) and communication (mutual understanding, Trust and commitment). According to the results, it can be argued that social capital has a decisive role in Iran's political and social development after the Islamic Revolution.
In the study of Iran's government, development and social crises, Moslejad (2021) believes that Iran's economic and social developments show that many uneven growth and development processes have led to social, political and security crises. In an article on the Crisis Theory in the Political Development Process Based on the theory of Leucine Pie, the Brotherhood of Millet (2021) believes that the issue of crisis and political development is one of the main concerns of human society that are in a mutual relationship.
Azarshab and Asadia (2019) have examined the position of civil society in political development. The results showed that in order to reach a developed political society there must be both a developed and civilist civil society, and civil society is one of the key factors in political development. Arsia and Saei (2019) have an article entitled The Impact of Social Capital Dimensions on the Triple Dimensions of Political Development. The results indicate that social trust has a positive impact on Tehrani citizens' attitude towards political development. The variable of social trust also has a positive impact on the three dimensions of attitude towards political development. In terms of desirability, the attitude of Tehrani citizens to development is only at a favorable level of belonging to society, and the dimensions of political freedom and satisfaction with the political situation as well as the variable attitude to political development among individuals are not at a favorable level. Concerning the priority of social trust, the lack of structural violence is the top priority, and the dimensions of controlling administrative and financial corruption, facilitating social interactions, behavioral transparency, flexibility, justice in punishment, information transparency, media trust, trust in institutions Economic justice and speech transparency are the next priorities. Also, the variable of social participation has a positive impact on the three dimensions of attitude towards political development, namely the dimensions of political satisfaction, the sense of political freedom, and the sense of belonging to society.
Mohammadi Mehr et al. (2016) in an article on Iranian Political Development Studies. The approach of most books is modernization and democraticism, and the main cause of Iran's political underdevelopment, despotism and authoritarianism, the components of political culture, and the divide between traditionalism and modernism. Akhavan Kazemi et al. (2016) examined the process of the process of political development in contemporary Iran. The results show that despite the timing of the process of political development, due to the gradual provision of developmental infrastructure and its institutionalization since the Islamic Revolution so far, the possibility of returning to authoritarianism and the formation of anti -development waves in the future in Iranian society has reached its least possible.
Zibaklam et al. Political, Qayyum (2011) refers to the role of the ruling elite and ethnic structure, Moradjad, and others (2016) to the role of political culture in the political development of society. Salehi Amiri et al. (2012) has examined the design and presentation of the model to measure the impact of social capital on sustainable development dimensions. Social capital and its components such as order, social consensus, social commitment, social cohesion, security and social participation ultimately affect the political dimension of sustainable development. Theoretical; Bashiri Givi & Jannati (2013) In an article entitled The Impact of Political Participation on Political Development (Case Study: Khalkhal Youth) showed between variables of confidence in mass media, trust in religious individuals, trust in politics, political trust There is a significant relationship with political development with political development. In other words, the results of these findings show the impact of factors such as confidence in the mass media, confidence in politics and political trust and trust in religious people, political participation on political development.
Ida et al. (2020) Experimental Analytics of the Application of Social Media, Political Learning and Youth Participation: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Pakistan. The results show that the use of social media facilitates young people to participate in political activities, and these activities strengthen their knowledge, provides an opportunity for participation and creation of political efficiency. In their article, Hui and Pickak (2020) examined the power of media in the formation of political attitudes. Moderator and intermediary variables often determine the power of relations between the media and political attitudes, and causality is a key point in determining the direction of these relationships.
Feng Zhou et al. (2019) in an article on the subject of creative use of social media and political participation in youth: the modification and mediation of online political expression. The results showed that the creative social media, with the complete intervention of advanced online political expression, was indirectly predicts political participation. The findings did not show the moderating role of online political expression in the link between creative use of social media and political participation. The findings have an important theoretical contribution to the use of social media with political interaction. Scoria and Park (2014) to the Role of Culture, Media and Social and Democracy, Flavin and Kane (2012) to Satisfaction with Life and Political Participation, Kiraki (2013) to the Employment of the Employment, Foreign, Traditional, Traditional, Traditional The relationship and the relevance refers to the relevance of the work. Al -Din Fami (2006) Social Capital and Alzew and others (2011) believe in information and communication technologies as factors of political development in South Saharan Africa.
Most of the research in the field of political development has been conducted by political science experts and has been less involved in political development in the field of sociology. The researcher seeks to explore political development in Bandar Gaz with a sociological approach using social variables such as social capital and confidence, and this is the main advantage of this research over previous research. As a result, the main hypothesis is that there is a significant relationship between social capital and its dimensions with political development in Bandar Gaz.
3. Methodology
The research method is the type of survey. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The field method is used to collect information. This method allows for uniform information about the statistical population and was able to compare and observe the variables correctly. After collecting questionnaires and receiving information, processing and analyzing data is done in the form of analytical descriptive methods.
The statistical population of the present study is all young people of Bandar Gaz. The number of them is about 36785 in 2016 (Iran Statistics Center, 2016). About 18372 are male and 18413 are female. Also, 21901 (59.5 %) are in urban areas (Bandar Gaz and Noundeh) and 14884 (40.5 %) in rural areas. The sample size was calculated after the calculation using the Cochran formula, due to the sampling error of 0.05 and the confidence level of 0.95, with the chi class statistics for a degree of freedom, the sample size was 380 people.
The sampling method is done in the urban and rural areas of Bandar Gaz city as random clusters. Therefore, the sampling method is multicolor clustered sampling. Formal credit and content methods were used to investigate the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha. In this way, the questionnaire was provided to 30 people from 15 to 39 years old in Bandar Gaz. The amount of Cronbach's alpha is the independent and dependent variables studied between 0.732 and 0.877 and indicates that the internal correlation and correlation between the types of variables is appropriate and acceptable. In other words, it has reliability and reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient value depends on the political development rate of 0.790, which is very high and its items have been able to have the necessary internal synchronization. The quantity of the Colmogorvar Smirnov test is 0.673 and its significant level is 0.75. Since the significant value of all variables is above 05%, data dispersion is normal and parametric inferential statistics were used to test hypotheses.
Table 1. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and the normal variables
variable | Coronbach's alpha | coefficient of colmogorov Smirnov | significant |
Social Capital | 0.765 | 0.542 | 0.093 |
Political Development | 0.790 | 0.673 | 0.075 |
Political Development: Political development in the term means increasing the capacity and efficiency of a political system in resolving individual and collective interests, popularity, freedom and fundamental changes in a society (Bashirieh, 2002: 210). The dependent variable of political development can be measured by components such as political participation, political freedom, political equality.
Social Capital: There are various aspects of social organizations such as trust, norms and networks that can improve community efficiency by creating and facilitating coordinated facilities (Patnam, 2001; 285). For Bourdieu, it is the sum of real or potential sources that are the result of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships- or in other words, membership in a group network (Bourdieu, 2005: 147). This variable is measured by components such as social trust, awareness, social networks, institutionalization, and regulating values and norms. In the present study, considering the theory of the Pathnam, two cognitive and structural dimensions are considered to measure social capital.
Structural Social Capital: It is a capital that facilitates information exchange, collective action and decision -making. This type of social capital is caused by strong associations and social networks and is relatively objective and visible (Shariapour, 2006: 167) or, in other words, the composition and practice of local institutions at the formal and informal level. The title of a means of developing society. The structural dimension of social capital reflects the quantitative aspect of social capital that is due to the presence of strong social associations and networks and is relatively objective and visible (Shari'ah, 2006, 167). In fact, this part of social capital indicates that people in the social space are linked.
Cognitive Social Capital: The cognitive dimension of social capital reflects the qualitative aspect of social capital, which refers to norms, shared values, and trust, and therefore subjective and subtle (Shari'a, 2006, 168). This dimension refers to the values, trust, tendencies and common beliefs. That is why it is more subjective and subtle concept. The cognitive dimension is actually related to people's understanding of others. For example, a person's trust in his colleagues indicates his or her knowledge of them. It is a capital that encourages cooperation and collective activities with mutual interest (Hosseini, 2005: 17).
4. Findings
The results of this study showed that 45.1 % were male and 54.9 % female. Therefore, the gender of the majority of female (209 people is 54.9 %). About 33.4 percent between 15 and 24 years, 42.9 percent between 25 and 34 years, about 23.7 percent between 35 and 49 years. Therefore, the majority age is between 25 and 34 years. About 14.7 percent less than a diploma, approximately 11.3 % associates, 0.47 % undergraduate and finally 27 % have a master's degree. Therefore, the education level of the majority undergraduate (179 people is 0.47 %). About 4.2 percent earn more than 5.5 million USD per month. About 25.8 percent of the studied are single and 68.9 % were married and about 5.3 percent are divorced or spouses.
Table 2. Table 2. Distribution of respondents in terms of political development indicators
political development | Poor | average | strong | mean |
Political participation | 30.7 | 32.2 | 37.1 | 2.31 |
Political freedom | 48.3 | 17.1 | 34.6 | 1.76 |
Political equality | 37.6 | 34.6 | 27.8 | 2.12 |
political developement | 16.6 | 54.1 | 29.3 | 2.01 |
Table 2 shows that political participation is strong in the respondents with 37.1 %. Also, political equality with 27.8 % is weaker in respondents than other dimensions. Also, the political freedom of 34.6 % is relatively strong in the respondents. Also, the mean values of each of the political development dimensions show that the political partnership with an average of 2.187 has the highest average and the political freedom dimension with an average of 1.76 has the lowest average among the dimensions of political development. Also, the mean political development variable is 2.01, which is above average.
Table 3. The frequency distribution of respondents in terms of social capital rate
Social capital | frequency | percent |
very much | 41 | 10.8 |
much | 87 | 22.9 |
Average | 44 | 11.6 |
low | 106 | 27.9 |
Very low | 74 | 19.5 |
Unanswered | 28 | 7.4 |
Total | 380 | 100 |
According to the results of the table above, 10.8 % of people had high social capital, 22.9 % were high, 11.6 % of people had average social capital, as well as about 27.9 % of social capital. It was low and 19.5 % was very low.
Table 4. Describe the mean dimensions of social capital
Variable | mean | Standard deviation | standard error | variance | Median |
Social capital | 2.77 | 1.32 | 0.228 | 1.82 | 2 |
Cognitive Social Capital | 2.94 | 1.30 | 0.294 | 1.69 | 2 |
Structural social capital | 3.28 | 1.33 | 0.223 | 1.77 | 4 |
Interpersonal trust | 3.63 | 1.09 | 0.183 | 1.20 | 3 |
Generalized trust | 3.66 | 1.09 | 0.182 | 1.20 | 4 |
Institutional trust | 3.18 | 1.15 | 0.188 | 1.34 | 3 |
Official participation | 3.52 | 1.37 | 0.222 | 1.87 | 5 |
Informal participation | 3.42 | 1.46 | 0.237 | 2.14 | 5 |
According to the above table, the average social capital variable scores are less than the theoretical average of 3 and equivalent to 2.77, so social capital is less than average. Also, among the dimensions of social capital, the average dimensions of general trust, personal trust, formal participation, informal participation and institutional trust are 3.66, 3.63, 3.52, 3.42, and 3/31. Meanwhile, the maximum amount of average is the generalization dimension of generalization and the minimum amount of the mean, including institutional trust dimension. The mean dimension of structural capital was 3.28, which was above average but the average cognitive dimension below average was 2.94.
Table 5. Pearson correlation coefficient test and political development
Variable | Social capital | Cognitive Social Capital | Structural social capital |
Pearson statistics | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.37 |
Significant level (sig) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
Sample size | 380 | 380 | 380 |
Result | Positive and meaningful correlation | Positive and meaningful correlation | Positive and meaningful correlation |
For data analysis, first, the relationship of each of the elderly variables is measured separately with political development to clarify how their relationship is clarified. Due to the level of measurement and testing of the normal data in social capital variables and political development, the coefficient of solidarity was used. According to the table, the significant level of Pearson correlation test was zero, which is less than 0.05, so there is a significant relationship between social capital and political development. There is also moderate correlation between social capital and political development of 0.45 and in a positive direction (with 0.99 and 0.01 error), so it can be concluded that with the increase in social capital among the residents of Bandar Gaz, The rate of political development in their city is increasing. According to the results of the political development table with the dimensions of social capital; That is, cognitive social capital and structural social capital have a significant relationship.
5. Conclusion
In this article, the subject of the role of youth social capital on political development in Band Gaz city was discussed. The main hypothesis showed the relationship between social capital and political development. This hypothesis was confirmed and the results are in line with Patnam's theories. The prerequisite for political development and efficiency of governments goes back to the social capital of every country. Social capital as common ties and norms and generalization of social trust at the micro and macro level is not only facilitating affairs for individuals and groups, but also an important factor in identifying political society. The results of Arsia and Saei (2019) indicate that social trust has a positive impact on Tehrani citizens' attitude towards political development. The variable of social trust also has a positive impact on the three dimensions of attitude towards political development. The overall result of Demiri and Abtahi's (2021) research is that there is a direct and meaningful relationship between social capital and the component of political trust and development.
According to Bandura, the political behavior of citizens is a function of one's political self -esteem and confidence in the government with the amount of responsiveness of the political system. Participatory political behavior in which citizens are engaged in political action to determine their own destiny and influence the political system are encouraged when both of them are self -reliance and confidence in the flexibility of the political environment or confidence in the government. And they cause such behavior. Analysis of political action at the individual level can be attributed to the conditions of one's socialization within the family and the educational and cultural system, and the external environment (political environment) can be influenced by the political system and its flexibility, including acceptance as a reality. It considered social and different. The lower the disagreement and the cost of political activity, the higher the political confidence in the government (the political system).
Haji Ali Beigi, Difference and Chegeni (2016) showed that people's trust in a political system has a significant relationship with the citizens of that society in the efficiency of the state. The trust that increases the acceptance of that political system with the people and thus increases the level of political participation of citizens. And the level of the well -being of a nation and their ability to compete with the societies in this regard is the result of people's confidence in the political system. In the economy, trust reduces costs and psychologically creates peace, security and mental health of the community. Establishing confidence and interaction between government and citizens, democracy, government -centric justice in the distribution of facilities and positions, and the existence of concern in the government's pillars to solve citizens' problems, increase the level of public confidence, resulting in promoting public trust in a relationship. Recipience leads citizens' political confidence in the government at three levels of confidence in the political system, trust in political institutions, and political agents, which is as promoted to promote welfare and security indicators in society. As a result, trust is one of the main elements of social capital that is always exposed to destruction due to its high sensitivity and is an element that forms social relations and other aspects of social capital and is the basis for participation between members of a working group. By increasing trust, one can increase political trust and social trust and provide the basis for the political development of society.
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[1] 1. PhD Student of Economic Sociology and Development, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran. Email:jafar.mallah@yahoo.com
[2] 2* Assistant Professor of Sociology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran. (Corresponding author) Email: ashahin2000@yahoo.com
[3] 3. Assistant Professor of Sociology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran. Email: mfilib@yahoo.com
