مقایسه اثربخشی روان‌درمانی پویشی کوتاه‌مدت با طرحواره درمانی، درمان شناختی_رفتاری و دارو‌درمانی در کاهش درد بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتویید دارای اضطراب و افسردگی

محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی

پیمان آرامش صدیق ¹ , مجید بحرینیان ² , احمد منصوری ³

1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه روانشناسی بالینی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران [e-mail]
2 - (نویسنده مسئول)، استاد گروه روانشناسی بالینی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران tell: 09127786737, [e-mail]
3 - استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، واحد نیشابور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نیشابور، ایران [e-mail]

تاریخ دریافت : 1402/10/13 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/12/21 تاریخ انتشار : 1403/07/01

کلید واژه: آرتریت روماتوئید, اضطراب, افسردگی, دارودرمانی, درد, روان‌درمانی پویشی کوتاه مدت, طرحواره‌درمانی,

چکیده مقاله :

چکیده مقدمه: آرتریت روماتوئید شایع‌ترین بیماری خود ایمنی التهابی مزمن است. درد مستمر و محدودیت حرکتی مزمن در این بیماران می تواند اضطراب و افسردگی ایجاد کند. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی مقایسه اثربخشی روان درمانی پویشی کوتاه مدت، طرحواره درمانی، درمان شناختی رفتاری با دارو درمانی درکاهش درد و ابعاد درد در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید دارای اضطراب و افسردگی و راهبردهای مقابله ایی ناسازگار بود. روش پژوهش: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون و پیگیری با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری کلیه بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید دارای اضطراب و افسردگی شهرتهران مراجعه کننده به کلینیک‌های روماتولوژی بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر تهران در سه ماهه بهار1400 بودند. 80 نفر داوطلب واجد شرایط طبق جدول کوهن در چهار گروه بیست نفر در هر گروه تقسیم شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از ویرایش دوم پرسش‌نامه‌ افسردگی بک، پرسش‌نامه‌ اضطراب بک و پرسشنامه درد مک‌گیل، استفاده شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی در سطح معناداری 05/0 با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، روان‌درمانی ها در کاهش درد موثر هستند و طرحواره‌درمانی موثرترین روش در کاهش ادراک ارزیابی درد و دردهای متنوع بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید دارای اضطراب و افسردگی و راهبرهای مقابله‌ای ناسازگار بود (001/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از رواندرمانی ها در کنار دارو درمانی نسبت به دارودرمانی صرف، می‌تواند موثرتر واقع شود و به کاهش درد بیماران مبتلا به روماتوئید آرتریت، از طریق درمان اضطراب وافسردگی واصلاح راهبردهای مقابله ایی کمک کند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Abstract: Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Continuous pain and chronic movement restriction in these patients can cause anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy, schema therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy with drug therapy in reducing pain and pain dimensions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have anxiety and depression and inconsistent coping strategies. Research method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population was all patients with rheumatoid arthritis with anxiety and depression in Tehran who referred to the rheumatology clinics of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in the spring quarter of 1400. 80 qualified volunteers were divided into four groups of 20 people according to Cohen's table. The second edition of Beck Depression Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Questionnaire and McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05 with SPSS version 26 software. Findings: The results showed that psychotherapies are effective in reducing pain, and schema therapy was the most effective method in reducing perception of pain and various pains in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have anxiety and depression and inconsistent coping strategies (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of psychotherapies along with drug therapy can be more effective than drug therapy alone and help reduce the pain of patients with rheumatoid arthritis by treating anxiety and depression and improving coping strategies

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Cunha M, Ribeiro A, André S. Anxiety, depression and stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016;217:337-43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.098.
2. Noroozi M, Borzooei S, Baeis MG, Iran R. Evaluation of sexual dysfunction in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2016;10(80):62-70[Persian]http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-۱-۲۷۰-fa.html.
3. Hall JE, Hall ME. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Ghasemi, A, Mohammadi, M.(Persian translator).Tehran.Etminan.2021.https://etminanpub.com/index.php/shop/book/362.
4. Obidi A, Shiroodi S, Khalatbari J, Haji Abbasi, A. Study of depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 2012; 22(85): 22-15.4.
5. Khanizadeh A-M, Karimzadeh F. Experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis: Acute and chronic pain. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2017;5(1):98-109[Persian] http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-1143-en.html.
6. Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Study guide for Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2013.https://www.amazon.com/Brunner-Suddarths-Textbook-Medical-Surgical-Nursing/dp/1496347994.
7. Kingsley G, Scott IC, Scott DL. Quality of life and the outcome of established rheumatoid arthritis. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology. 2011;25(4):585-606.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.10.003.
8. Ovayolu OU, Ovayolu N, Karadag G. The relationship between self‐care agency, disability levels and factors regarding these situations among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of clinical nursing. 2012;21(1‐2):101-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.365-2702.011.03710.x.
9. McBain H, Shipley M, Newman S, Collaboration AR. The impact of appearance concerns on depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskeletal care. 2013;11(1):19-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.20.
10. Fakra E, Marotte H. Rheumatoid arthritis and depression. Joint bone spine. 2021;88(5):105-200.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105200.
11. van Onna M, Boonen A. The challenging interplay between rheumatoid arthritis, ageing and comorbidities. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2016;17:1-9.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1038-3.
12. Neel DS, Allegakoen DV, Olivas V, Mayekar MK, Hemmati G, Chatterjee N, et al. Differential subcellular localization regulates oncogenic signaling by ROS1 kinase fusion proteins. Cancer research. 2019;79(3):546-56.https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1492
13. Gerrits MM, Vogelzangs N, Van Oppen P, Van Marwijk HW, van der Horst H, Penninx BW. Impact of pain on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Pain. 2012;153(2):429-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.001.
14. Edward D HJ, Gary SF. Clinical Feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Gray S Firestein, Ralph C Budd, Edward D Harris, Iain B McInnes, Shaun Ruddy, John S Sergent. Kelley‘s Text book of Rheumatology (8th Edition). Philadelphia: SAUNDERS ELSEVIER;970-987. 2019.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289822539_Clinical_Features_of_Rheumatoid_Arthritis
15. Ozsolak F, Milos PM. RNA sequencing: advances, challenges and opportunities. Nature reviews genetics. 2011;12(2):87-98.https://DOI:10.1038/nrg2934
16. Arnow BA, Blasey CM, Lee J, Fireman B, Hunkeler EM, Dea R, et al. Relationships among depression, chronic pain, chronic disabling pain, and medical costs. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60(3):344-50.https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.3.344.
17. Jain A, Bhadauria D. Evaluation of efficacy of fluoxetine in the management of major depression and arthritis in patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Indian Journal of Rheumatology. 2013;8(4):165-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injr.2013.08.001.
18. Morris A, Yelin EH, Panopalis P, Julian L, Katz PP. Long-term patterns of depression and associations with health and function in a panel study of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of health psychology. 2011;16(4):667-77.https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310386635.
19. Baker TA, Buchanan NT, Small BJ, Hines RD, Whitfield KE. Identifying the relationship between chronic pain, depression, and life satisfaction in older African Americans. Research on Aging. 2011;33(4):426-43.https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027511403159.
20. Koechlin H, Coakley R, Schechter N, Werner C, Kossowsky J. The role of emotion regulation in chronic pain: A systematic literature review. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2018;107:38-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.02.002.
21. Martin A, Chopra R, Nicassio PM. Nonpharmacologic pain management in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics. 2021;47(2):277-95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2020.12.009
22. Fu X, Li Z-J, Yang C-J, Feng L, Sun L, Yao Y, et al. The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis in China: A systematic review. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):53623–30.https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.7323.
23. Kaur I, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Setia D, et al. Exploring the therapeutic promise of targeting HMGB1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sciences. 2020;258:118164.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.
24. Khalvat A, Rostamian A, Najafizadeh S, Meisami A. The comparison between monotherapy and combination therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2006;64(11):69-76. http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-876-en.html.
25. Nell V, Machold K, Eberl G, Stamm T, Uffmann M, Smolen J. Benefit of very early referral and very early therapy with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2004;43(7):906-14.https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh199.
26. Ghorbani N. Intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy: principles and techniques. Tehran.Samt. 2014[Persian].https://esale.samt.ac.ir2014.
27. Pennebaker JW. Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions: Guilford Press; 2012.
28. Davanloo H. Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy: Spectrum of psychoneurotic disorders. International Journal of short Term Psychotherapy. 1995;10:121-56.https://books.google.com/books?id=gHuKEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&ots=t0A7Q1sqrJ&lr&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false.
29. Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological reviews. 2008;88(1):287-332.https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2007.
30. Driessen E, Cuijpers P, de Maat SC, Abbass AA, de Jonghe F, Dekker JJ. The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review. 2010;30(1):25-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.010.
31. Abbass AA, Joffres MR, Ogrodniczuk JS. A naturalistic study of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy trial therapy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. 2008;8(2):164.https://doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhn001.
32. Davanloo H. Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy: Selected papers of Habib Davanloo, MD. Khalighi Sigaroudi A (Persian translator), Tehran: Arjmand book: Nesl Farda: Arjmand.2001.https://www.arjmandpub.com/book/2001.
33. Zarei E, Dortaj F. Effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on Alexithymia in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2021;19(1):139-48.https://DOI:10.52547/rbs.19.1.139.
34. Taghavi F, Mirzaie P, Azandariani M, Rezaei Shojaei S. The Effectiveness of Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy on Anxiety, Depression and Happiness in Women with Generalized Anxiety. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2019;62(December):456-66.[Persian].https://mjms.mums.ac.ir/article_15075.html.
35. Amani N. Haji alizadeh K, Zarei E, Dortaj F. Effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic PsychotherapyRes Behav Sci 2020; 18(3): 349-358(Persian)http://dxdoiorg/1029252/rbs183349. 2021.
36. Lorenzo-Luaces L, Driessen E, DeRubeis RJ, Van HL, Keefe JR, Hendriksen M, et al. Moderation of the alliance-outcome association by prior depressive episodes: Differential effects in cognitive-behavioral therapy and short-term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy. Behavior Therapy. 2017;48(5):581-95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.011.
37. Ajilchi B, Nejati V, Town JM, Wilson R, Abbass A. Effects of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on depressive symptoms and executive functioning in major depression. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2016;204(7):500-5.https://doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000518
38. Sieradzki A, Małyszczak K, Pacan P, Kiejna A. Personality traits in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms in people who have undergone short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in daycare conditions. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2015;24(3):119-27.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pin.2015.09.005.
39. Driessen E, Hegelmaier LM, Abbass AA, Barber JP, Dekker JJ, Van HL, et al. The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis update. Clinical psychology review. 2015;42:1-15.https://doi.org/0.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.004.
40. Abbass A, Lumley MA, Town J, Holmes H, Luyten P, Cooper A, et al. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for functional somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of within-treatment effects. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2021;145:110473.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.
41. Mohagheghi h, kharghani p. The Effect of Schema Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Individuals with Substance Use Disorder. Research on Addiction. 2021;15(60):299-324.[Persian]https://doi.org:10.52547/etiadpajohi.15.60.299.
42. Jahangir AH. Effect of Schema Therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Health Research Journal. 2018;3(4):204-10.[Persian]https://www.magiran.com/paper/1912993/.
43. Rezaei M, Ghadampur E, Kazemi R. Effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on rumination and severity of depression in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2015;7(4):45-58.[Persian]https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2217.
44. Renner F, DeRubeis R, Arntz A, Peeters F, Lobbestael J, Huibers MJ. Exploring mechanisms of change in schema therapy for chronic depression. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. 2018;58:97-105https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.10.002.
45. Daneshmandi S, Izadikhah Z, Kazemi H, Mehrabi H. The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on emotional schemas of female victims of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2014;22(5):1481-94[Persian]http://jssu.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2652-en.html.
46. Yousefzadeh M, Hashemi M, Talebi H, NeshatDoost HT, Taheri M, Momenzadeh S. Compare the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Schema Therapy on reducing the cognitive error of pain catastrophizing and increase of pain self-efficacy in Tehranian Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain. 2020;11(2):26-43[Persian]http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5444-fa.html.
47. Hosseini M, Ahadi H, Jomehri F, Kraskian-Mujembari A, Ahadi M. The Effectiveness of Emotional Schemas Group Therapy on Pain and Depression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Psychological Methods and Models. 2019;10(35):135-19[Persian] https://20.1001.1.22285516.1398.10.35.7.2.
48. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide). Hamidpour H, Indoz Z. (Persian translator). first volume.Tehran.Arajmand publication2014..https://jph.ir/.
49. Crowther T. The perception of activity. The Structure of Perceptual Experience. 2015:79-101https://doi.org/10.1111/rati.12080.
50. Sajjadi N, Golmohammadian M, Hojatkhah M. The effectiveness of schema therapy on academic motivation amongst high school female students in Kermanshah. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2016;17(1):35-42[Persian]https://jsr-p.isfahan.iau.ir/article_534000_en.html.
51. Liu L, Xu N, Wang L. Moderating role of self-efficacy on the associations of social support with depressive and anxiety symptoms in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2017:2141-50.https://doi.org/10.7/NDT.S137233.
52. Hewlett S, Ambler N, Almeida C, Blair P, Choy E, Dures E, et al. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial for Reducing Arthritis Fatigue by clinical Teams (RAFT) using cognitive–behavioural approaches. BMJ open. 2015;5(8):e009061.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-.
53. Maguire P, Hopwood P, Tarrier N, Howell T. Treatment of depression in cancer patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1985;72:81-4.http://doi:0.1111/j.600-0447.1985.tb08080.x. .
54. Reele BL. Effect of counseling on quality of life for individuals with cancer and their families. Cancer Nursing. 1994;17(2):101-12.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8019994/.
55. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Pessin H, Kaim M, Funesti-Esch J, Galietta M, et al. Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer. Jama. 2000;284(22):2907-11. https://DOI:10.1177/019394590002200405
56. Fukui S, Kugaya A, Okamura H, Kamiya M, Koike M, Nakanishi T, et al. A psychosocial group intervention for Japanese women with primary breast carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2000;89(5):1026-36.https://doi.org/10.02/97-0142(20000901)89:5<1026::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-5.
57. Ahmadi Kameshcheh M BNM, Zakiri Z., Todhani M. The effectiveness of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and drug therapy on the perception of pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. 12th Annual Research Congress of Eastern Medical Sciences Students 2016; Gonabad[Persian] https://civilicacom/doc/687274/2017.
58. Mansourieh N. The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing pain and depression in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The 6th Congress of the Iranian Psychological Association 2016; Tehranhttps://civilicacom/doc/732469/2016.
59. Hamzehpour Haghighi T, Dousty Y, Fakhri MK. Effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy on illness and pain perception in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2015;20(3):45-57.[Persian]http://sjku.muk.ac.ir/article-1-1848-fa.html.
60. Pardos-Gascón EM, Narambuena L, Leal-Costa C, Van-der Hofstadt-Román CJ. Differential efficacy between cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapies for chronic pain: Systematic review. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 2021;21(1):100197.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.001.
61. Øiestad BE. Critically appraised paper: Cognitive functional therapy reduced disability compared with group-based exercise and education for chronic low back pain [synopsis]. Journal of physiotherapy. 2021;67(2):141-.https://DOI:10.1016/j.jphys.2021.01.004
62. Zgierska AE, Burzinski CA, Garland EL, Lennon RP, Jamison R, Nakamura Y, et al. Mindfulness-based therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for opioid-treated chronic low back pain: Protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2021;110:106548.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.
63. Vahedi Hemat A, Safaei Rad I. The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on Reducing Anxiety Symptoms (trait and state), Stress and Quality of Life in Second Grade High School Students with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Psychology New Ideas. 2020;6(10):1-13.[Persian]: http://jnip.ir/article-1-340-fa.html.
64. Nesset MB, Bjørngaard JH, Whittington R, Palmstierna T. Does cognitive behavioural therapy or mindfulness-based therapy improve mental health and emotion regulation among men who perpetrate intimate partner violence? A randomised controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies. 2021;113:103795.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.
65. Momeni NS, Yousefi AA, Vand AK, Rostamian A. Comparison of the effectiveness of coping therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in cognitive immunity and psychological well-being indicators of patients with rheumatoid arthritis referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Tehran Iran Qom Univ Med Sci Journal. 2020;14(8):39-49.[persian]https://DOI:10.29252/qums.14.8.39.
66. Blaney C, Hitchon CA, Marrie RA, Mackenzie C, Holens P, El-Gabalawy R. Support for a non-therapist assisted, Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention for mental health in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Internet interventions. 2021;24:100385.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.
67. Seirafi M, Namjoo S, Sabet M. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for adherence, depression and negative illness representations in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases. 2018;22(2):48-62[Persian]http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/qums.22.2.48.
68. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1996. https://www.amazon.com/BDI-II-Beck-depression-inventory-Manual/product-reviews/0158018389
https://www.amazon.com/BDI-II-Beck-depression-inventory-Manual/product-reviews/0158018389
69. Stefan-Dabson K, Mohammadkhani P, Massah-Choulabi O. Psychometrics characteristic of Beck Depression Inventory-II in patients with magor depressive disorder. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2007;8:82-6[Persian]https://www.sid.ir/paper/404787/en.
70. Rajabi G, Karju Kasmai S. Psychometric properties of a Persian language version of the beck depression inventory second edition. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 2012; 3(10): 139-158. https://jem.atu.ac.ir/article_5657.html
71. Beck AT, Steer RA.Manual for the beck anxiety inventory. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio; 1990.
72. de Beurs E, Wilson KA, Chambless DL, Goldstein AJ, Feske U. Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Depress Anxiety. 1997;6(4):140-6. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)6:4<140::aid-da2>3.0.co;2-g
73. Hossein Kaviani H, Mousavi A S. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Tehran University Medical Journal. 2008;66(2):136-40.[Persian]http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-641-en.html.
74. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975 Sep; 1(3):277-299. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
75. Dubuisson D, Melzack R. Classification of clinical pain descriptions by multiple group discriminant analysis. Exp Neurol. 1976 May; 51(2):480-7. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90271-5
76. Khosravi M, Sedighi S, Moradi alamdari Sh, Zendedel K. Persian-McGill pain questionnaire translation, adaptation and reliability in cancer patients: a brief report. Tehran Univ Med J. 2013; 71(1):53-58. http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-38-fa.html
77. Johansson S, Villamor E, Altman M, Bonamy A-KE, Granath F, Cnattingius S. Maternal overweight and obesity in early pregnancy and risk of infant mortality: a population based cohort study in Sweden. Bmj. 2014;349.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6572
78. Yang H, Yang T, Baur JA, Perez E, Matsui T, Carmona JJ, et al. Nutrient-sensitive mitochondrial NAD+ levels dictate cell survival. Cell. 2007;130(6):1095-107.https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(07)00973-7.
79. P AS. A comparative study on the early maladaptive scheme (EMS) and coping strategies of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals Master's Thesis, Faculty of Literature, Tarbiat Modares University 2014(Persian) https://parsehmodaresacir/thesis/1068477. 2014;17(3):165-82.
80. Montazeri M, Neshatdoost H, Abedi M, Abedi A. Effectiveness of schema therapy on symptoms intensify reduction and depression in a patient with obsessive compulsive personality disorder: A single case study. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2013;5(1):35-45.(Persian)https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2114.
81. Wicksell RK, Melin L, Lekander M, Olsson GL. Evaluating the effectiveness of exposure and acceptance strategies to improve functioning and quality of life in longstanding pediatric pain–a randomized controlled trial. PAIN®. 2009;141(3):248-57.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.006.
82. Knittle K, Maes S, De Gucht V. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: Examining the role of self‐regulation with a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis care & research. 2010;62(10):1460-72.https://doi.org/10.002/acr.20251.
83. Edwards RR, Bingham III CO, Bathon J, Haythornthwaite JA. Catastrophizing and pain in arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Care & Research: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2006;55(2):325-32.https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21865.
84. Scharloo M, Kaptein A, Weinman J, Bergman W, Vermeer B, Rooijmans H. Patients’ illness perceptions and coping as predictors of functional status in psoriasis: a 1‐year follow‐up. British Journal of Dermatology. 2000;142(5):899-907.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.365-2133.000.03469.x.