Architecture Students’ Understanding of Landscape Issues in Design Studios (A Comparison Approach in Some Tehran Architecture Schools)
محورهای موضوعی : Urban Design
Mehdi Khakzand
1
(Assistant Professor in Landscape Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology.)
کلید واژه: Architectural Design Studio, Landscape Design, Educational System, Environment, Tehran Schools of Architecture,
چکیده مقاله :
Without the surrounding environment of a site, architecture loses its full meaning. In the evolutionof the design process, a site's environment should be understood as the integral factor within which a designed productor artifact is expected to perform. The environment is not of secondary priority. Every building is intertwined with itscontext; context being its physical, visual and ecological potentials. Modern day practice encourages the considerationof ecological factors in any plan to create/alter sites even for those who are not landscape architects. In the pedagogy ofTehran architecture schools today, the architectural design process barely touches upon landscape environment; this is aflawed presentation of architecture which should be remedied. In common practice of Iranian education, buildings riseto represent only themselves. The graduates of this lacking method owe their mal-education to the problematic studioeducation system. This paper presents both qualitative and quantitative evidence to support the notion that Tehranschools should change their teaching methodology to accommodate the importance of environment in the architecturaldesign process. All research participants are students of architecture. The data, which includes content analysis exportsand log-linear analysis, presents the difference between the students' point of view regarding a designed building andits relationship with the surrounding landscape.
Alexander, C. Ishikawa, S. Silverstein, M. Jacobson, M. Fiksdahl-King, I. ,& Angel, Sh., (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Alexander, C., (1987). A New Theory of Urban Design. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Archdaily, (2015). Villa For a friend. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/04/2018250875_1-528x377.jpg.
Archide, (2015). Ordrupgaard Art Museum. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from https://archide.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/tilbyggning684x240.jpg.
Archide, (2015). VM Houses. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from https://archide.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/untitled-2.jpg.
Architect, (2015). Ewha Campus Center. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/korea/ewha_candremorin_dpa_adagp_1.jpg.
Aisc, (2015). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from https://www.aisc.org/newsdetail.aspx?id=19540.
Austerlitz, N., Aravot, I, & Ben-Ze’ev, A., (2002). Emotional phenomena and the student–instructor relationships. Landscape and Urban Planning, 60 (2002), 105–115.
Barrows, H.S., (1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20 (6), 481-486.
Behprint, (2015). Mellat park Cinema. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from www.Behprint.com.
Boyer, E., Mitgang, L., (1996). Building Community: A New Future for Architectural Education and Practice. London:Jossey-Bass Inc Pub.
bp.blogspot, (2015). The ACROS Fukuoka. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_J0XsQeUu1tE/RxI5f9SR7fI/AAAAAAAADwU/zJELWwfsGgw/s400/fukuoka_green_roof.jpg.
Brodbent, G., Martinez, A., Cardaci, E., & Zoilo, A., (1997–1998). The design studio revisited. Environ. Design, 2 (1), 5–28.
Cuff, D., (1991). Architecture: The Story of Practice. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dandyvonnuetzen, (2015). The House of Spiritual Retreat . Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://dandyvonnuetzen.blogspot.com/2012/04/house-of-spiritual-retreat.html.
Faizi, M., & Khakzand, M., 2007. The Position of Concept in Landscape Design Process. Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal, 1(3), 27-38.
Filor, S. W., 1994. The nature of landscape design and design process. Landscape and urban planning, 30(3), 121–129.
Gazvoda, D., (2002). Characteristics of modern landscape architecture and its education. Landscape and Urban Planning , 60 (2002), 117–133.
Greenroofs, (2015). Nanyang University. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/ntu_singapore/ntu_singapore1.jpg.
Hogue, M., (2004). The Site as Project: Lessons from Land Art and Conceptual Art. Journal of Architectural Education, 57 (3), 54–61.
Hybs, I., & Gero, J.S., (1992). An evolutionary process model of design. Design Studies, 3 (13), 273-290.
Iranmap, (2015). Persian Garden (Fin Garden). Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.iranmap.com/i/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/Fin-Garden-Kashan-500x350.jpg.
Karmanov, D., & Hamel, R., (2009). Evaluations of Design Gardens by Students of Landscape Architecture and Non-design Students: A Comparative Study. Landscape Research, 4 (34). 457- 479.
Kasidowski, P., (1996). Building a foundation: architecture education and writing pedagogy. Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. March 28, 1996, Milwaukee, WI.
Kent, R. L., (1997). LA/Pictionary: Students Create Games to Teach and Learn Landscape Architecture. Journal of Architectural Education, 50(4), 265-270.
Khakzand, M., (2009). A Pattern Language for Landscape Design. PhD dissertation (in Persian). Iran University of Science and Technology. Iran: Tehran.
Kramer, E. F., (2004). The Walter Gropius House Landscape A Collaboration of Modernism and the Vernacular. Journal of Architectural Education, 57 (3), 39–47.
Ledewitz, S., (1985). Models of design in studio teaching. Journal of Architectural Education, 38(2), 2–8.
Levy, A., (1980). Total studio. Journal of Architectural Education ,38 (2), 29– 32.
Lohman, M. C., & Finkelstein, M., (2000). Designing groups in problembased learning to promote problem-solving skills and self-directedness. Instructional Science, 28, 291–307.
Lynch, K., & Hack, G. 1984. The art of site planning. Cambridge: MIT press.
Midwinter, J.E., (1997). A question of quality [in electrical engineering education]. Review volume: 43 (2), 66–70.
Milburn, L.S., & Brown, R. D., (2003). The relationship between research and design in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64 (2003), 47–66.
Milburn, L.S., Brown, R. D., Mulley, S. J. ,& Hilts, S. G., (2003). Assessing academic contributions in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64 (2003), 119–129.
Moore, O., & Anderson, A., (1975). "Some Principles for the Design of Clarifying Educational Environments" in Cathy Greenblat and Richard Duke, eds., Gaming-Simulation: Rationale Design and Applications (Pp: 47-71). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Nasar, J. L., (1998). The Evaluative Image of the City.Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Openbuildings, (2015). Rokko Housing by Ando. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://openbuildings.com/buildings/rokko-housing-i-profile-2461.
Panoramio, (2015). Versailles palace. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/65958142.
Pirraz, (2015). Iran National Library by Shariatzadeh. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.pirraz.com/projects/pix/Nl-S.jpg.
positivekismet, (2015). Falling Water House by Right. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.positivekismet.com/2010/09/my-dream-home-amazing-homes-worth.html.
pritzkerprize, (2015). Church on the water by Ando. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.pritzkerprize.com/1995/works.
Powers, Matthew N., (2006). A study of self-regulated learning in landscape architecture design studios. PhD dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Rapoport, A., (1982). The Meaning of Built Environment .Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
Richard-schooler, (2015). Walter Gropius house. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://richard-schooler.net/2004/IMG_1739.jpg.
Rickrubens, (2015). Nasher museum by R. Piano & P.Walker. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://www.rickrubens.com/DallasFtWorth_files/image052.jpg.
Santayana, G. (1896). The Sense of Beauty. Dover Publications.
Schon, D.A., (1984). The architectural studio as an example for reflection in action. Journal of Architectural Education, 38 (1), 2–9.
Schon, D.A., (1985) The Design Studio, an Exploration of its Traditions and Potentials. London: RIBA Publications Ltd.
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco:Schön.
D.A., (1988). Toward a marriage of artistry and applied science in the architectural design studio. Journal of Architectural Education, 41 (4),4–10.
Selman, P., (1995). Editorial: reflecting on practice. Landscape Research, 20 (2),49.
Steadman, P., (1979). The Evolution of Designs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steinitz, C., (1990). Framework for theory applicable to the education of landscape architects (and other environmental design professionals). Landscape Journal, 9 (2). 136–143.
Swaffield, S., (2002). Theory in landscape architecture: A reader. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press.
Weddle, A., (1973). In: D. Lovejoy (Editor), Land Use and Landscape Planning. London: Leonard Hill Books.
West, S. A. (1992). Problem-based learning- A viable addition for secondary school science. School Science Review, 73, 47–55.
Wikimedia, (2015). Delft University Library by Van Den Broek & Bakema. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2015, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/TU-Delft-Bibl-1.jpg.
