شورای نوردیک ؛ مبانی منطقه گرایی توسعه محور اجتماعی بر مبنای ادراک و تصویر سازی مثبت جهانی

محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران

آرش بیدالله خانی ¹ (دانش آموخته دکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران و مدرس گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) (Email: [e-mail])
یاسر کهرازه ² (استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سیستان و بلوچستان ، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/04/04 تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/02/21 تاریخ انتشار : 1397/08/01

کلید واژه: تصویر, نوردیک, شورا, توسعه, اسکاندیناوی,

چکیده مقاله :

شورای نوردیک یک سازمان منطقه ای بین پارلمانی بین کشورهای منطقۀ اسکاندیناوی و شمال اروپا می باشد. امروزه این منطقۀ محور آمال و آرزوهای نخبگان توسعه است. نام و تصویر هر یک از کشورهای اسکاندیناوی حامل فرآیندهای شناختی، بصری و ادراکی است که مفاهیم توسعه ای مختلف بر آن بار می شود. کشورهای اسکاندیناوی از طریق شورای نوردیک، توسعۀ اجتماعی همگانی را مبنا و هدف راهبردی خود اعلام کرده اند. امروزه تصویر هر کدام از کشورهایی مانند سوئد، نروژ، دانمارک، فنلاند و.. با محورهای سطح بالای توسعه اجتماعی، سیاسی، فرهنگی و.. گره خورده است. بر همین مبنا توسعه نقطۀ مرکزی تصویر مثبت کشورهای اسکاندیناوی در دنیای امروز است. پژوهش حاضر با بررسی تاریخی شورای نوردیک این اساس سوال اساسی را مطرح می کند که اصولاً شورای نوردیک و کشورهای عضو آن از چه طریقی موفق به تصویر سازی مثبت جهانی شده اند و چگونه توانسته اند، بر مبنای منطقه ای ادراک بین المللی و روانشناختی کشورهای عضو این سازمان را در دنیا مثبت کنند. بر مبنای همین سوال، فرضیه پژوهش حاضر با تاکید بر شناخت این شورا، بر این امر تاکید می کند که شورای نوردیک از طریق پنج محور و نقطۀ اساسی مبتنی بر مبانی توسعه پایدار و اجتماع محور توانسته است تصویر مثبتی از کشورهای عضو این شورا را به دنیا مخابره کند. مقاله این پنج محور را با مثال توضیح خواهد داد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The Nordic Council is a regional inter-parliamentary organization between the countries of Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Today, this region is the centerpiece of the aspirations of development elites. The name and image of each Scandinavian country carry cognitive, visual and perceptual processes which have developmental concepts. The Scandinavian countries, through the Nordic Council, have proclaimed universal social development as their strategic goal. Today, the image of each country, such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, is tied to the high levels of social, political, cultural development and so on. Based on this, the development is the central point of the positive image of the Scandinavian countries in the world. The fundamental question of this study is, what is the most important factors which make the Nordic countries as good countries with the global positive image around the world? Based on this question, after recognition of this council, the hypothesis of the present research, emphasizes that the Nordic Council has been able to give a positive image of each member countries of this council through five pillars and points based on the foundations of sustainable and community-based development and these factors can send the positive image and good perception of Nordic countries around the world.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. شیرخانی، محمد علی و مهرداد چشمه علایی (1390) مدل نوردیک و دولتهای رفاهی اروپا، فصلنامه سیاست ، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، دورۀ 41، شمارۀ 4، زمستان، صص 134- 119.


2.  Alestalo,Matti, Hort, Sven and Stein Kuhnle (2009) The Nordic Model: Conditions, Origins, Outcomes, Lessons, working paper in Hertie School of Governance, Berlin:HSG publishing


3. Anholt, S., (2005) Anholt Nation Brands Index: How Does the World See America? Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 45, Issue 3,  pp. 296-304


4. Anholt, S., (2007) Competitive identity: the new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan


5. Arter, David (2008) Scandinavian Politics Today, Manchester University Press


6. Booth,Michael (2016) The Almost Nearly Perfect People: Behind the Myth of the Scandinavian Utopia, London: Picador pub


7. Bruvoll ,Annegrete , Karin Ibenholt and John Magne Skjelvik(2011)  Greening the economy, Nordic experiences and challenges, Copenhagen: Norpub


8. Department of Economic and Social Affairs UN (2005 -2012) Understanding Knowledge Societies, in twenty questions and answers with the Index of Knowledge Societies, New York: United Nations publication


9. Enggaard, Knud, (2002) 50 years of the Nordic Council, 1952–2002. Til nordisk nytte?, Nordic Council publishing


10. Egeland ,Jan(1989)Impotent Superpower--potent Small State: Potentials and Limitations of Human Rights Objectives in the Foreign Policies of the United States and Norway, Oxford University Press


11. Erikson,Robert (1987)The Scandinavian Model: Welfare States and Welfare Research, New York: Routledge


12. Fan, Y., (2006) Branding the Nation: What is Being Branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing, Volume 12, Issue 5, , pp. 5-14


13. Ferdman, Roberto, A. (2014) Swedes are the sportiest in Europe, while Bulgarians can’t seem to get off the couch, available link at: http://qz.com/809620/a-new-study-shows-genes-and-parenting-are-about-equally-responsible-for-fussy-eating-habits-in-kids/ 


14. Hansson, Finn , Husted , Kenneth and Jakob Vestergaard (2005) Second generation science parks: from structural holes jockeys to social capital catalysts of the knowledge society, Technovation, Volume 25, Issue 9, September , Pages 1039–1049


15. Hancock, LynNell (2011) Why Are Finland's Schools Successful? Smithsonian Magazine , September, available link at: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/why-are-finlands-schools-successful-49859555/?no-ist


16. Haugen, Dan(2014) Scandinavian-Style Sustainability, available link at:  http://ensia.com/features/scandinavian-style-sustainability/


17. Heidar,Knut (2004) Nordic Politics, Universitetsforlaget pub


18. Heller, Nathan (2015) Northern Lights, Do the Scandinavians really have it all figured out? Available link at:http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/16/northern-lights-4


19. Henrikson, Alan K.(2005)Niche Diplomacy in the World Public Arena: the Global ‘Corners’ of Canada and Norway, In The New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations, by  Melissen, J. Palgrave Macmillan


20. Hilson, Mary (2008) The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945,Reaktion Books publishing


21. Holm Pedersen ,Kristoffer  (2012)Growth, Creativity and Innovation in the Nordic Countries: 18 Nordic Cases on the Creation of Values Through Competences Within Creativity and Business Understanding, Nordisk Ministerråd press


22. Howard Grøn, Caroline, Nedergaard, Peter and Anders wivel (2015) The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the other European community? London: Routledge


23. Holm, Gunilla and Monica Londen (2010) the discourse on multicultural education in Finland: education for whom?  Intercultural Education, Volume 21, - Issue 2, Pp:107-120


24. Horst, Christian and Joron Pihl (2010) Comparative perspectives on education in the multicultural Nordic countries,  Intercultural Education, Volume 21, 2010 - Issue 2 ,Pages 99-105


25. Hrala, Josh (17 March 2016) The World Happiness Index 2016 just ranked the happiest countries on Earth, available link at :  http://www.sciencealert.com/the-world-happiness-index-2016-just-ranked-the-happiest-countries-on-earth


26. Magnus,Johannes (2016)International branding of the Nordic region, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, August 2016, Volume 12, Issue 2, pp 195–200


27. Møller Stahl, Rune and Andreas Møller Mulvad (2015) What Makes Scandinavia Different? Available link at: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/08/national-review-williamson-bernie-sanders-sweden/


28. Masalin , Heikki (2015) Mapping of Nordic Creative and Cultural Industries: Financial Environment, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen: NordicPub


29. Olins, W. (2005) Making a National Brand , in Melissen, J. (editor), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York, Palgrave-MacMillan, , pp. 169-179


30. Østergård, Uffe (1997) the Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". The Cultural Construction of Norden. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.


31. Partanen ,Anu (2016) The Nordic Theory of Everything: In Search of a Better life ,Harper publishing


32. Rylander, Anna and  Sascha Haselmayer (2008) Branding the Nordic Research and Innovation Area, Nord Forsk Policy Briefs 6–Nordic council


33. Thorhauge, Jens (2010) Nordic public libraries in the knowledge society. An introduction, available link at :  http://www.bs.dk/publikationer/english/nnpl/html/chapter02.htm


34. The Nordic Council of Ministers (2012) Nordic Environmental Action Plan 2013–2018, Copenhagen: Nordic co-operation


35. The Nordic Council of Ministers (2016) Nordic voices: The global voice of the Nordic Region, Copenhagen: Nord Pub


36. The Nordic Council (2014) the history of the Nordic Council, Available link at:  http://www.norden.org/en/nordic-council/bag-om-nordisk-raad/the-nordic-council/the-history-of-the-nordic-council


37. The Nordic Council of Ministers (2014) History of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Available link at:   http://www.norden.org/en/nordic-council-of-ministers/the-nordic-council-of-ministers/the-history-of-the-nordic-council-of-ministers/history-of-the-nordic-council-of-ministers


38. The Nordic Council of Ministers (2015) Strategy for International Branding of the Nordic Region, 2015- 2018, Copenhagen, : Nordpub


39. Valaskivi, Katja (2013) A brand new future? Cool Japan and the social imaginary of the branded nation, Japan Forum , 2013: 1–19


40. World Intellectual Property Organization(2016)Global Innovation Index 2016, available link at: http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2016/article_0008.html