اثر جهت خاک‌ورزی و مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش بر کارآيي بهره مندي از آب باران در کشتزارهاي ديم گندم منطقه نيمه خشک
محورهای موضوعی : آبخیزداری و استحصال آبعلیرضا واعظی 1 , سمیرا رضائی پور 2 , محمد بابااکبری 3 , فرشته آذری فام 4
1 - استاد گروه علوم و مهندسي خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي. دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ايران.
2 - دانشجوي سابق کارشناسي ارشد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي دانشگاه زنجان.
3 - دانشيار گروه علوم و مهندسي خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي. دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ايران.
4 - دانشجوي دکتري گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي دانشگاه زنجان.
کلید واژه: خاک‌ورزی حفاظتي, رواناب, کشت روي خطوط تراز, عملکرد محصول,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: ويژگي‌هاي خاک و روش‌هاي مديريتي مي‌توانند بر رشد و عملکرد گياه در مناطق کشاورزي تاثيرگذار باشند. کشاورزي ديم يک روش غالب کشاورزي در جهان است که حدود 80 درصد از زمين هاي زير کشت جهان و 67 درصد از زمين هاي کشاورزي ايران را پوشش مي دهد. بيشتر اراضي ديم در نواحي شيب دار و در امتداد شيب خاک ورزي مي شوند که روشي نادرست بوده و فرسايش آبي را تسريع مي کند. کنترل فرسايش خاک و ذخيره آب بارندگي در خاک اولين گام براي حفظ منابع خاک و آب و افزايش عملکرد محصول در اراضي ديم است. تغيير جهت خاک ورزي از امتداد شيب به خط کانتور و حفظ بقاياي محصول مي تواند بر اتلاف آب، افزايش کارآيي مصرف بارندگي (PUE) و عملکرد محصول در مناطق ديم تأثير بگذارد. اين مطالعه به منظور بررسي تأثير جهت خاک ورزي و سطح مصرف مالچ بر کارآيي بهره مندي بارندگي در کشتزارهاي ديم گندم انجام گرفت. روش پژوهش: اين مطالعه در زمين‌هاي ديم با خاک لوم شني با شيب 10 درصد در غرب استان زنجان انجام شد. آزمايش‌هاي صحرايي در دو جهت خاک‌ورزي: در امتداد شيب و خطوط کانتور و پنج سطح مصرف مالچ کاه گندم (شاهد، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد) با سه تکرار انجام شد. داده هاي بارش (ارتفاع، مدت و شدت) از ايستگاه هواشناسي کشاورزي واقع در دانشگاه زنجان در فاصله حدود 800 متري از مزرعه مورد مطالعه گرفته شد. گندم زمستانه در اوايل پاييز در کرت ها کشت و اوايل تابستان برداشت شد. هدررفت آب از کرت ها براي هر رويداد بارندگي حاصل از رواناب در کرت ها در طول دوره رشد نه ماهه اندازه گيري شد. عملکرد دانه گندم براي هر کرت تعيين شد و بر اين اساس راندمان مصرف بارندگي (PUE) بر حسب کيلوگرم در هکتار بر اساس عملکرد دانه گندم (کيلوگرم در هکتار) به ازاي هر بارندگي موثر در طول دوره رشد محاسبه شد. خصوصيات خاک و مالچ کاه گندم با استفاده از روش هاي مرسوم در آزمايشگاه تعيين شد و از آناليز واريانس براي تعيين اثر مستقل جهت خاک ورزي و سطح مصرف مالچ کاه و برهمکنش بين دو عامل استفاده شد. يافته ها: 82 رويداد بارشي در طول يک دوره 9 ماهه رشد گندم زمستانه در منطقه رخ داد که ميزان بارندگي 88 درصد از آن بود. بيشتر بارندگي ها در ماه اکتبر اتفاق افتاد که منجر به بيشترين تلفات آب در کرت ها شد. هدررفت آب در خاک ورزي روي خطوط تراز 14 درصد کاهش يافـت و مقدار عملکرد دانه گندم و کارآيي بهره مندي بارندگي 6 درصد افزايش پيدا کردند. با اين وجود، در هر دو روش مصرف مالچ موجب کاهش هدررفت آب، افزايش عملکرد دانه و کارآيي بهره مندي بارندگي شد. اثر متقابل معني داري بين دو عامل فقط براي عملکرد دانه گندم مشاهده شد. بيشترين کاهش هدررفت آب در سطح 100 درصد مصرف مالچ در هر دو جهت خاک ورزي: موازي شيب (3/63 درصد) و روي خطوط تراز (64 درصد) بود. بيشترين مقدار عملکرد دانه (25/2 تن در هکتار) و کارآيي بهره مندي بارندگي (87/7 کيلوگرم در ميليمتر در هکتار) در تيمار 75 درصد مالچ بود که به ترتيب معادل 27 و 34 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزايش داشت. نتيجه گيري: نتايج بيانگر نقش مؤثر مصرف مالچ در حفظ آب بارندگي و افزايش عملکرد محصول در هر دو جهت خاک ورزي در کشتزارهاي ديم گندم بود. اين شاخص مي تواند تحت تأثير جهت خاک‌ورزي و کاربرد مالچ کاه گندم در اراضي ديم باشد. اين دو روش مديريتي عوامل مستقلي هستند که به شدت بر عملکرد دانه گندم و در نتيجه بر PUE تأثير مي‌گذارند. به طور کلي بر اساس نتايج اين پژوهش بکارگيري خاک ورزي روي خطوط تراز و مصرف مقدار مناسب مالچ نقش مؤثري در حفظ آب و خاک و افزايش توليد در کشتزارهاي ديم دارد.
Background and aim: Soil properties and management methods can affect plant growth and crop yield in agricultural areas. Rainfed agriculture is a dominant farming type in the world, which covers about 80% of the world's cultivated land and about 67 % of agricultural lands in Iran. Most of rainfed lands are in slope areas and tilled along slope, an incorrect method which accelerates water erosion. Controlling soil erosion and storing precipitation water in soil is the first step to conserve soil and water resources and increasing crop yield in rainfed lands. The change of tillage direction from along slope to contour line and maintaining crop residues can affect water loss, Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) and crop yield in rainfed areas. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of tillage direction and wheat straw mulch on water loss, crop yield and precipitation used efficiency in a winter wheat rainfed land. Methods: The study was carried out in a rainfed lands with sandy loam soil under a slope of 10% in west of Zanjan, North West of Iran. field experiments were conducted at two tillage direction: along slope and contour line, and five wheat straw mulch application levels (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) with three replications. Precipitation data (height, duration and intensity) was taken from the Agricultural Meteorological Station located in the University of Zanjan, about 800 m from the study field. Winter wheat was cultivated at the plots early autumn and harvested early summer. Water loss from the plots was measured for each rainfall event resulting runoff at the plots during nine months growth period. Wheat grain yield was determined for each plot and accordingly precipitation use efficiency (PUE) in kg/ha.mm was computed based on wheat grain yield (kg/ha) per effective precipitation during growth period (mm). Soil properties and winter straw mulch characteristics were determined using the conventional methods in the lab and the variance analysis was used for determination of independent effect of tillage direction and straw mulch level and interactions between the two factors. Results: Eighty-two precipitation events were occurred in the area during a 9 months winter wheat growth period, which rainfalls included 88% from it. Most of rainfalls occurred in October that resulted most water loss at the plots. Water loss at the plots tilled contour line was 14% lower than the plots tilled along slope. However, water loss between the two tillage directions was no significant, whereas wheat grain yield as well as PUE were significantly affected by tillage direction. Straw mulch considerably affected on water loss, wheat grain yield and PUE. An obvious decrease was found in water loss with increasing in straw mulch level. The lowest water loss among different mulch levels was in 100% mulch level for the two tillage directions (63% for along slope tillage and 64% for contour line tillage). Significant interaction of the two factors was observed just for wheat grain yield. The highest wheat grain yield was in 75% mulch level which was about 27% (2.04 ton/ha) and 34% (2.45 ton/ha) bigger than control treatment, respectively. The highest PUE was also in 75% mulch level both in along slope tillage (7.2 kg/ha.mm) and contour line tillage (8.6 kg/ha.mm), which was 27% and 34% higher than control treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Results show the precipitation use efficiency (PUE) is an improper index for evaluation of the role of precipitation in crop production in wheat rainfed lands. This index can be affected by both tillage direction and wheat straw mulch application in rainfed lands. These two management methods are independent factors which affects strongly on the wheat grain yield and in consequence on the PUE. The change of tillage direction from along slope to contour line along and application of 75% mulch level (equal to 4.5 ton/ha) are proper strategies for conservation of soil and water and improving the utilization of precipitation in wheat rainfed lands.
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