تحلیل تغییرات فضای سبز شهر گرگان با استفاده از متریکهای سیمای سرزمین
محورهای موضوعی : محیط زیست شهریبی بی سارا داز 1 , عطا غفاری گیلانده 2 , علی عزیزی 3
1 - کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، گرایش محیط زیست شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار مؤسسه مطالعات و مدیریت جامع و تخصصی جمعیت کشور، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: شهر گرگان, فضای سبز شهری, سنجش از دور, متریکهای سیمای سرزمین, اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: شهرنشینی سریع به همراه تغییرات زیاد در پوشش اراضی، باعث اختلال در ساختار و عملکردهای زیست محیطی مرتبط با فضاهای سبز شهری شده است. شناسایی و درک این تغییرات برای بهبود وضعیت در هر مکانی امری لازم و اجتناب ناپذیرمی باشد. بر همین اساس هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تغییرات فضای سبز شهر گرگان با استفاده از متریک های سیمای سرزمین و به کارگیری تکنیک های سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی می باشد. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش جهت تهیه نقشه های کاربری/پوشش اراضی شهر گرگان از تصاویر سنجنده های ماهواره های لندست متعلق به سال های 1987، 2001 و 2014 استفاده شده است. به طوری که پس از انجام عملیات پیش پردازش، طبقه بندی تصاویر به روش طبقه بندی نظارت شده با به کارگیری الگوریتم حداکثر احتمال انجام گرفت و نقشه های مورد نظر در سه کلاس اراضی ساخته شده، فضای سبز و سایر کاربری ها تهیه گردید. سپس جهت بررسی روند تغییرات لکه های سبز شهری از متریک های مساحت طبقه، تعداد لکه، میانگین اندازه لکه، میانگین شکل لکه و تراکم حاشیه استفاده شد. یافته ها: یافته های حاصل از بررسی تغییرات زمانی فضای سبز شهر گرگان نشان داد که بین سال های 1987 تا 2014 مقدار زیادی از اراضی سبز به ویژه اراضی کشاورزی و جنگلی کاهش یافته و بر میزان اراضی ساخته شده اضافه شده است. به طوری که طی این 27 سال اراضی ساخته شده با میزان 86/15 کیلومترمربع روند افزایشی و در مقابل فضای سبز با مقدار 53/6 کیلومتر مربع روند کاهشی را داشته اند. همچنین بررسی و تحلیل متریک های سیمای سرزمین نیز حاکی از کاهش تعداد و اندازه لکه های سبز همراه با تکه تکه شدن و از هم گسیختگی آن ها می باشد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از بررسی روند تغییرات پوشش اراضی طی 27 سال نشان داد که فضاهای سبز به میزان قابل توجهی همراه با تکه تکه شدن، روند کاهشی را داشته است. بنابراین به کارگیری رویکردهای جدید اکولوژیک در کنار سایر روش های مطالعات فضاهای سبز در برنامه ریزی های شهری ضروری می باشد.
Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and vast changes in land cover have disrupted the urban green patches environmental structure and functions. Identifying and understanding these changes is necessary to improve the urban green patches situation in any place. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate the changes of green patches of Gorgan City using landscape metrics, remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. Method: In this research, Landsat satellite images for 1987, 2001, and 2014 have been used to provide land use/cover maps of Gorgan City. After conducting the preprocessing, classification of the images was done using the supervised method and the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then the maps were reclassified in three classes namely built-up areas, green patches and other land uses. Afterwards, in order to investigate the changes in urban green patches, landscape metrics including Class Area, Number of Patch, Mean Patch Size, Mean Size Index and Edge Density was used. Findings: Findings show that from 1987 to 2014, green patches, especially agricultural and forest lands, has been decreased and built-up areas has been increased. During these 27 years, built-up areas have increased approximately 15/86 km2 and green patches have decreased approximately 6/53 Km2. Also, the analysis of landscape metrics shows a decrease in the number and size of green patches due to fragmentation and disintegration. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of 27 years’ green patches dynamic in Gorgan City show that the green patch of the city has been significantly reduced and fragmented. Therefore, studying urban green patch changes using new ecological approaches and methods, is necessary in any urban planning.
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- M’Ikiugu, MM., Kinoshita, I., Tashiro, Y. 2012. Urban green space analysis and identification of its potential expansion areas. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35:449-58.
- Li, H., Chen, W., He, W., 2015. Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An Example of Nanjing, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(10):12889-904.
- Li, J., Li, C., Zhu, F., Song, C., Wu, J. 2005. Spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization in Shanghai, China between 1989 and 2005. Landscape ecology, 28(8):1545-65.
- Byomkesh, T., Nakagoshi, N., Dewan, A.M. 2012. Urbanization and Green Space Dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 8(1):45-58.
- Sadeghi Benis, M.,Banaei, V., Darayesh, R., 2013. Use of landscape metrics gradient analysis to assessment urban green space (Case study: Tabriz city). Geography and Urban planning of Zagros Landscape, 5(16):7-20. (In Persian)
- Yusefi, E., 2011. Spatial-local Suitability Evaluation of Urban Green Space Based on Ecologic Principles: Case Study of Birjand local and regional parks. Master's Thesis for Environmental Planning and Management , Tehran University. (In Persian)
- Sadeghi Benis, M., 2015. Using Landscape Metrics in Rihabilitaion of Urban Ecological Network (Case study: Tabriz city). Bagh-e Nazar, 12(32):53-62. (In Persian)
- Jafari, A., Tabibian, M., 2006. Urban and suburb planning of the new city of Shirin-Shahr using the principles of landscape ecology. Sabzineh-e Shargh, 1(12): 3-11. (In Persian)
- Mokhtari, Z., 2010. Quantify of landscape pattern of Isfahan city. Master's Thesis for Environment. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
- Li, J., Li, C., Zhu, F., Song, C., Wu, J. 2005. Spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization in Shanghai, China between 1989 and 2005. Landscape ecology, 28(8):1545-65.
- Breuste, J., Niemelä, J., Snep, RP., 2008. Applying landscape ecological principles in urban environments. Landscape Ecology, 23(10):1139-42.
- Xu, H. 2014. Ecological quality assessment of urban green spaces based on landscape metrics: A case of Nanjing, China. Computer Modelling & New Technologies. 18(12A):384-391.
- Salmannezhad, L., feghhi, J., Makhdoum, M., Namereyan, M., 2014. Spatial Pattern Analyse of Tehran Parks by Using Landscape Metrics, 5(9): 25-34. (In Persian)
- Mirzayi, M., Riyahi Bakhtiyari, A., Salman Mahini, A., Gholamalifard, M., 2013. Investigating the Land Cover Changes in Mazandaran Province Using Landscape Ecology’s Metrics Between 1984 - 2010. Applied ecology, 2(4): 37-55 (In Persian).
- Odindi, J., Mhangara, P. 2012. Green spaces trends in the city of Port Elizabeth from 1990 to 2000 using remote sensing. International Journal of Environmental Research. 6(3):653-62.
- Gupta, K., Kumar, P., Pathan, S., Sharma, K. 2012. Urban Neighborhood Green Index–A measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning , 105(3):325-35.
- Wu, K.L., Kuo, H.F., Zhang, D. 2015. Monitoring Landscape Changes of Rural Townships in the Cold Region of China Using RS, GIS, and Landscape Metrics. 2nd International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation. 368-372.
- Tang, L., Zhang, G. 2013. The Pattern and Gradient Analysis of Urban Green Space in Shenyang, China. Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering, 3(2): 112-122.
- Deng, JS., Wang, K., Hong, Y., Qi, J.G. 2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization. Landscape and urban planning, 92(3):187-98.
- Taheri Sarteshnizi, F., Feghhi, J., Danehkar, J., Babazade Khamene, A., 2014. Application of landscape metrics in gradient analysis of urban green space (Case study: district 3 of Karaj municipality). 1(2): 23-33 (In Persian).
- Oladghaffari, P., Monavari, S.M. 2012. Physical development trend and green space destruction in developing cities: A GIS approach. Environment, development and sustainability, 15(1):167-75.
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- Part Consulting Architects and Planners, 2013. Gorgan master plan. Housing Urban Development Golestan (In Persian).
- Zhu, X., Wang, Y. 2011. Spatial–temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(3): 268–277.
- Asghari, A., Jabbarian Amiri, B., Alizadeh Shabani, A., Feghhi, J., 2015. Assessting urban growth pattern in Sari using landscape ecology approach. Natural Environment (Natural Resources of Iran), 68 (1): 95-107. (In Persian)
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- Kong, F., Yin, H., Nakagoshi, N., Zong, Y,. 2010. Urban green space network development for biodiversity conservation Identification based on graph theory and gravity modeling. Landscape and urban planning, 95(1):16-27.
- Kong, F., Nakagoshi, N., 2006. Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan China. Landscape and urban Planning, 78(3):147-56.
- M’Ikiugu, MM., Kinoshita, I., Tashiro, Y. 2012. Urban green space analysis and identification of its potential expansion areas. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35:449-58.
- Li, H., Chen, W., He, W., 2015. Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An Example of Nanjing, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(10):12889-904.
- Li, J., Li, C., Zhu, F., Song, C., Wu, J. 2005. Spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization in Shanghai, China between 1989 and 2005. Landscape ecology, 28(8):1545-65.
- Byomkesh, T., Nakagoshi, N., Dewan, A.M. 2012. Urbanization and Green Space Dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 8(1):45-58.
- Sadeghi Benis, M.,Banaei, V., Darayesh, R., 2013. Use of landscape metrics gradient analysis to assessment urban green space (Case study: Tabriz city). Geography and Urban planning of Zagros Landscape, 5(16):7-20. (In Persian)
- Yusefi, E., 2011. Spatial-local Suitability Evaluation of Urban Green Space Based on Ecologic Principles: Case Study of Birjand local and regional parks. Master's Thesis for Environmental Planning and Management , Tehran University. (In Persian)
- Sadeghi Benis, M., 2015. Using Landscape Metrics in Rihabilitaion of Urban Ecological Network (Case study: Tabriz city). Bagh-e Nazar, 12(32):53-62. (In Persian)
- Jafari, A., Tabibian, M., 2006. Urban and suburb planning of the new city of Shirin-Shahr using the principles of landscape ecology. Sabzineh-e Shargh, 1(12): 3-11. (In Persian)
- Mokhtari, Z., 2010. Quantify of landscape pattern of Isfahan city. Master's Thesis for Environment. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
- Li, J., Li, C., Zhu, F., Song, C., Wu, J. 2005. Spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization in Shanghai, China between 1989 and 2005. Landscape ecology, 28(8):1545-65.
- Breuste, J., Niemelä, J., Snep, RP., 2008. Applying landscape ecological principles in urban environments. Landscape Ecology, 23(10):1139-42.
- Xu, H. 2014. Ecological quality assessment of urban green spaces based on landscape metrics: A case of Nanjing, China. Computer Modelling & New Technologies. 18(12A):384-391.
- Salmannezhad, L., feghhi, J., Makhdoum, M., Namereyan, M., 2014. Spatial Pattern Analyse of Tehran Parks by Using Landscape Metrics, 5(9): 25-34. (In Persian)
- Mirzayi, M., Riyahi Bakhtiyari, A., Salman Mahini, A., Gholamalifard, M., 2013. Investigating the Land Cover Changes in Mazandaran Province Using Landscape Ecology’s Metrics Between 1984 - 2010. Applied ecology, 2(4): 37-55 (In Persian).
- Odindi, J., Mhangara, P. 2012. Green spaces trends in the city of Port Elizabeth from 1990 to 2000 using remote sensing. International Journal of Environmental Research. 6(3):653-62.
- Gupta, K., Kumar, P., Pathan, S., Sharma, K. 2012. Urban Neighborhood Green Index–A measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning , 105(3):325-35.
- Wu, K.L., Kuo, H.F., Zhang, D. 2015. Monitoring Landscape Changes of Rural Townships in the Cold Region of China Using RS, GIS, and Landscape Metrics. 2nd International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation. 368-372.
- Tang, L., Zhang, G. 2013. The Pattern and Gradient Analysis of Urban Green Space in Shenyang, China. Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering, 3(2): 112-122.
- Deng, JS., Wang, K., Hong, Y., Qi, J.G. 2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization. Landscape and urban planning, 92(3):187-98.
- Taheri Sarteshnizi, F., Feghhi, J., Danehkar, J., Babazade Khamene, A., 2014. Application of landscape metrics in gradient analysis of urban green space (Case study: district 3 of Karaj municipality). 1(2): 23-33 (In Persian).
- Oladghaffari, P., Monavari, S.M. 2012. Physical development trend and green space destruction in developing cities: A GIS approach. Environment, development and sustainability, 15(1):167-75.
- Rafiee, R., Salman Mahiny, A.B., Khorasani, N. 2009. Assessment of changes in urban green spaces of Mashad city using satellite data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Issue11. P431–438.
- Part Consulting Architects and Planners, 2013. Gorgan master plan. Housing Urban Development Golestan (In Persian).
- Zhu, X., Wang, Y. 2011. Spatial–temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(3): 268–277.
- Asghari, A., Jabbarian Amiri, B., Alizadeh Shabani, A., Feghhi, J., 2015. Assessting urban growth pattern in Sari using landscape ecology approach. Natural Environment (Natural Resources of Iran), 68 (1): 95-107. (In Persian)