ارزش‌گذاری گیاهان دارویی طبیعی جمع‌آوری‌شده از جنگل‌ها و مراتع شهرستان ارومیه و اثرات محیط زیستی آن
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
مهران مجرد آشنا آباد
1
(مربی، گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
وحید کاروانی
2
(مربی، گروه آمار، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/10/17
تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/03/03
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/06/01
کلید واژه:
تخریب گونه‌ها,
جمع‌آوری‌گیاهی,
ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی,
اثرات محیط‌زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: امروزه جمع‌آوری بی‌رویه‌ی گیاهان دارویی از طبیعت یک معضل جدی در ایران محسوب می‌شود. هدف این تحقیق بررسی فرآیند جمع‌آوری گیاهان دارویی از طبیعت ، تعیین آثار سوء آن بر بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگل و مرتع و ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی آن است.
روش بررسی: ارزش اقتصادی گیاهان بر اساس اظهارات فروشندگان گیاهان دارویی شهر ارومیهو بر مبنای قیمت‌های خرید و فروش برآورد شد. پس از بازدید از فروشگاه‌ها، مصاحبه و تکمیل پرسشنامه، نتایج حاصل توسط نرم افزار Excel نسخه‌ی 2016 و SPSS نسخه‌ی 19 تحلیل شد. این تحقیق در بهار و تابستان 1401 انجام گردید.
یافته‌ها: ارزش سالیانه کل گیاهان برداشت شده از طبیعت ارومیه 285/22 میلیارد ریال برآورد شد. در میان گیاهان مورد بررسی گیاهی با نام محلی ایت بورنی (Rosa canina) دارای بیشترین ارزش اقتصادی و گیاه یمیشان (Crataegus pontica) دارای بیشترین وزن برداشت شده می‌باشد. نتایج براساس نوع اندام گیاهی جمع‌آوری‌شده نشان داد که برداشت تخریبی56 درصد ارزش گیاهی کل و 5/47 درصد کل وزن خشک توده گیاهی برداشت شده را شامل می‌گردد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که جمع‌آوری گیاهان دارویی در ارومیه به‌طور گسترده صورت می‌گیرد. به دلیل نظارت ناکافی مسئولان، انواع برداشت‌های تخریبی شامل برداشت ریشه، ریزوم، پیاز ، میوه و کل گیاه انجام می‌گیرد. در نتیجه، حدود 50 درصد گونه‌های برداشت شده در معرض تهدید هستند. ارزش سالانه 285/22 میلیارد ریال اگر چه ارزش چندان قابل توجهی نیست ولی در مقیاس کشوری و در صورت برآورد آن برای تمام استان‌ها، یک نشانگر مطلوب و هشداردهنده برای مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان منابع طبیعی است تا نسبت به برنامه‌ریزی درست در قبال هجوم افراد سودجو به طبیعت و پدیده برداشت گیاهی منفعل نباشند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Today, indiscriminate collection of medicinal plants from nature is considered a serious problem in Iran. This research reviews the process of plant collection from nature; determine its harmful effects on the forest and rangeland ecosystem and its economic valuation.
Material and Methodology: Economic value of plants was estimated based on plant seller’s perspective and sales prices in Urmia city. By visiting the stores, interviewing and completing the questionnaire, the results were analyzed by Excel 2016 and SPSS 19. This research was done in the spring and summer of 1401.
Findings: The annual value of all the collected plants from the nature of Urmia is 22.285 billion Iranian rials. Rosa canina species with the local name of Itburni has the highest economic value among the studied natural medicinal plants, while Crataegus pontica with the local name of Yemishan has the greatest biomass content. Based on the type of plant organ collected, destructive harvesting includes 56% of the total plant value and 47.5% of the total dry weight of the harvested plant.
Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicate that the collecting of medicinal plants is widespread in Urmia. Due to insufficient supervision by the responsible organizations, therefore destructive harvests including root, rhizome, bulb, fruit and whole plant are done. As a result, about 50 percent of harvested species are under threat. Although this annual value (22.285 billion Iranian rials) is not much, it is a good indicator and a warning for natural resource managers and national planners, so that they can plan correctly about the phenomenon of people's invasion of nature.
منابع و مأخذ:
Balemie, K., Ensermu, K., & Asfaw, Z., 2004. Indigenous Medicinal Utilization, Management and Threats in Fental Area, Estern Shewa, Ethiopia. Journal of Biological Science. Vol. 3, pp. 1-7.
Difrakhsh, SM. An investigation on indigenous knowledge (ethnobotany and ethnoecology) of the most important non – forage species (edible, medicinal and industrial) in Deli – Kama region (Kohgiloye and Boirahmad province) M. Ss thesis in Renge management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and natural Resources, 2013 ؛pp. 5-168.
Mirzoieva, T. ؛ Heraimovych, V. ؛ Humeniuk, I. ؛ Tommashevska, O. & Cherednichenko, O. 2020. Economic assessment of medicinal plants market concentration and monopolization level in Ukraine. E3S Web of Conferences 164, 09025 (2020) TPACEE – 2019.
Mojarrad Ashenaabad, M., 2000. Revegetation succession in Refuge campsites in West Azerbaijan and its ecological valuation. Thesis of M.Sc. TMU. Tehran. pp. 71-85, (In Persian)
Amirnejhad, H., Ataei solut, H. 2011. Valuation of Environmental resources. Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Sari. PP, 32-40. (In Persian)
Costanza, R., Agre, R., De groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limborg, K., Naeem, S., O,Neil, R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.,Sutton, P., Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature. Vol 387, pp. 253-260.
Brown, K., 1994. Approaches to valuing plant medicines: The economics of culture or the culture of economics? Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 3, pp. 734- 750.
Kumar, P., 2004. Valuation of medicinal plants for pharmaceutical uses. Curent Science Association India. Vol. 86 (7), pp. 930-937.
Ancha, P.U., Oluwana, S.A., Momoh, S., 2015. Economic valuation of medicinal plants used for traditional treatment of Diabetes in Benue state. Journal of Forestry and Horticultur (IJFH). Negeria. Vol.1 (2), pp. 1-13.
Ripen, J. E., Noweg, G. T., 2016. Economic valuation of medicinal plants in Jagoi area, Bau, Malaysia. Social and behavioral sciences. Vol. 224, pp. 124-131.
Norini, H., Mohd azmi M.I., 2007. Economic valuation of medicinal planta in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserver (AHFR), Puchong, Selangor Darul. Tropical Agricultural Science. Vol. 30 (2), pp. 117-129.
Olsen, C.S., 2005. Valuation of commercial central Himalayan medicinal plants. Ambio. Vol. 34 (8), pp. 607-610.
Towns, AM., Quiroz, D., Guinee, L., De Boer, H., Van Andel, T., 2014. Volum, Value and floristic of Gabons medicinal plants markets. Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 155, pp. 1184- 1193.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.pp. 7.
Abedi, Z., Hosseini Amjad, M., 2020. Estimation of economical values related to medical plantsspecies of Arjanparishan Lake. Journal of Sustainable, Development & Environment. Vol. 1 (3), pp. 1-12. (In Persian)
Jafarzadeh, A., Mahdavi, A., Falah shamsi, S., Yusefpour R., 2020. Economic valuation of some of the most important ecosystem services in Zagros Forests. Journal of Environmental sciences. Vol. 18 (1), pp. 137-150. (In Persian)
Yazdanshenas, H., Arzani, H., 2016. Economic value of Rangeland plants in Local communities (Case study: Kangar). The 4th National Conference of Scientific-Student Associations of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Tehran. (In Persian)
Jalilian, N., 2010. Economic valuation of medicinal plants of Lamiaceae in Shirkoh area in Yazd city. The first National conference of medicinal plants. Sari. (In Persian)
Abaspour, M., Abedi, Z., Ahmadian, M., Zafari, M., 2013. Economic valuation of the market functions of environmental resources of Arjan-Parshan Lake based on aquatic species. Journal of environmental science and technology. Vol. 15 (1), pp. 75-89. (In Persian)
From: Naj.maj.ir. North Khorasan Province Agricultural Organization. The reports of the projects assigned to extractive companies.
Mozaffarian, VA., 2006. A dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhang Mosavar, Tehran. 201-485.
Jalili, A., Jamzad, Z., 1999. Red data book. Iran.Research institute of Forest and Rangeland.Tehran.
Roberson, E., 2008. Medicinal plants at risk. Native plant conservation director, center of biological diversity.
Dawit, A., 2001. Biodiversity conservation of medicinal plants: problems and prospects. In: (Medhin Zewdu and Abebe Demissie eds.) conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Proceeding of the National Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, IBCR, Addis Ababa.1998, pp. 56-64.
Davidson-Hunts, I., 2000. Ecological ethnobotany: stumbling toward new practices and paradigms. MASAJ. Vol. 16, pp. 1-13.
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Balemie, K., Ensermu, K., & Asfaw, Z., 2004. Indigenous Medicinal Utilization, Management and Threats in Fental Area, Estern Shewa, Ethiopia. Journal of Biological Science. Vol. 3, pp. 1-7.
Difrakhsh, SM. An investigation on indigenous knowledge (ethnobotany and ethnoecology) of the most important non – forage species (edible, medicinal and industrial) in Deli – Kama region (Kohgiloye and Boirahmad province) M. Ss thesis in Renge management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and natural Resources, 2013 ؛pp. 5-168.
Mirzoieva, T. ؛ Heraimovych, V. ؛ Humeniuk, I. ؛ Tommashevska, O. & Cherednichenko, O. 2020. Economic assessment of medicinal plants market concentration and monopolization level in Ukraine. E3S Web of Conferences 164, 09025 (2020) TPACEE – 2019.
Mojarrad Ashenaabad, M., 2000. Revegetation succession in Refuge campsites in West Azerbaijan and its ecological valuation. Thesis of M.Sc. TMU. Tehran. pp. 71-85, (In Persian)
Amirnejhad, H., Ataei solut, H. 2011. Valuation of Environmental resources. Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Sari. PP, 32-40. (In Persian)
Costanza, R., Agre, R., De groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limborg, K., Naeem, S., O,Neil, R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.,Sutton, P., Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature. Vol 387, pp. 253-260.
Brown, K., 1994. Approaches to valuing plant medicines: The economics of culture or the culture of economics? Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 3, pp. 734- 750.
Kumar, P., 2004. Valuation of medicinal plants for pharmaceutical uses. Curent Science Association India. Vol. 86 (7), pp. 930-937.
Ancha, P.U., Oluwana, S.A., Momoh, S., 2015. Economic valuation of medicinal plants used for traditional treatment of Diabetes in Benue state. Journal of Forestry and Horticultur (IJFH). Negeria. Vol.1 (2), pp. 1-13.
Ripen, J. E., Noweg, G. T., 2016. Economic valuation of medicinal plants in Jagoi area, Bau, Malaysia. Social and behavioral sciences. Vol. 224, pp. 124-131.
Norini, H., Mohd azmi M.I., 2007. Economic valuation of medicinal planta in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserver (AHFR), Puchong, Selangor Darul. Tropical Agricultural Science. Vol. 30 (2), pp. 117-129.
Olsen, C.S., 2005. Valuation of commercial central Himalayan medicinal plants. Ambio. Vol. 34 (8), pp. 607-610.
Towns, AM., Quiroz, D., Guinee, L., De Boer, H., Van Andel, T., 2014. Volum, Value and floristic of Gabons medicinal plants markets. Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 155, pp. 1184- 1193.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.pp. 7.
Abedi, Z., Hosseini Amjad, M., 2020. Estimation of economical values related to medical plantsspecies of Arjanparishan Lake. Journal of Sustainable, Development & Environment. Vol. 1 (3), pp. 1-12. (In Persian)
Jafarzadeh, A., Mahdavi, A., Falah shamsi, S., Yusefpour R., 2020. Economic valuation of some of the most important ecosystem services in Zagros Forests. Journal of Environmental sciences. Vol. 18 (1), pp. 137-150. (In Persian)
Yazdanshenas, H., Arzani, H., 2016. Economic value of Rangeland plants in Local communities (Case study: Kangar). The 4th National Conference of Scientific-Student Associations of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Tehran. (In Persian)
Jalilian, N., 2010. Economic valuation of medicinal plants of Lamiaceae in Shirkoh area in Yazd city. The first National conference of medicinal plants. Sari. (In Persian)
Abaspour, M., Abedi, Z., Ahmadian, M., Zafari, M., 2013. Economic valuation of the market functions of environmental resources of Arjan-Parshan Lake based on aquatic species. Journal of environmental science and technology. Vol. 15 (1), pp. 75-89. (In Persian)
From: Naj.maj.ir. North Khorasan Province Agricultural Organization. The reports of the projects assigned to extractive companies.
Mozaffarian, VA., 2006. A dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhang Mosavar, Tehran. 201-485.
Jalili, A., Jamzad, Z., 1999. Red data book. Iran.Research institute of Forest and Rangeland.Tehran.
Roberson, E., 2008. Medicinal plants at risk. Native plant conservation director, center of biological diversity.
Dawit, A., 2001. Biodiversity conservation of medicinal plants: problems and prospects. In: (Medhin Zewdu and Abebe Demissie eds.) conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Proceeding of the National Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, IBCR, Addis Ababa.1998, pp. 56-64.
Davidson-Hunts, I., 2000. Ecological ethnobotany: stumbling toward new practices and paradigms. MASAJ. Vol. 16, pp. 1-13.
