ارزشگذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی؛ مفاهیم و روش‌ها
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
صدیقه عبداللهی
1
(دکتری محیط‌زیست- آمایش محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر)
علیرضا ایلدرمی
2
(دانشگاه ملایر، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/11/08
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/07/18
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
کالاها و خدمات اکوسیستمی,
روش‌های ارزشگذاری,
اقتصاد محیط‌زیست,
بوم‌سازگان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: نوع بشر همواره برای حفظ بقای خود نیازمند کالاها و خدمات اکوسیستمی است، اما مشکل نبود بازار برای ارزشگذاری این خدمات و رایگان پنداشتن آنها همواره وجود داشته است. مطالعه ارزش گذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی دانش ما نسبت به ارزش بوم سازگان ها را به طور قابل توجهی افزایش می دهد. ارزش گذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی می تواند به عنوان پرسش در مورد ارزش جریان جاری سودمندی های موجود در بوم سازگان و یا ارزش سودمندی های آینده بوم سازگان و هم چنین به عنوان ارزش حفظ بوم سازگان به جای تبدیل آن به برخی استفاده های دیگر تفسیر شود. ارزش گذاری فعالیتی یک طرفه و سوال به ظاهر ساده ای در مورد ارزش مادی یک بوم سازگان نیست. از آنجا که خدمات اکوسیستمی به‌طور کامل در بازارهای تجاری قابل داد و ستد نیستند یا به گونه‌ای که قابل مقایسه با خدمات اقتصادی و سرمایه تولیدی باشند، کمی‌سازی نمی‌شوند و اغلب اهمیت بسیار کمی در سیاست گزاری‌ها دارند، نیاز به روش هایی برای ارزش گذاری آن ها می باشد. با توجه به این که شناخت اصول و کاربرد درست روش های ارزش گذاری می تواند به سیاست گزاران و برنامه ریزان برای طراحی مناسب و موثر سیاست های توسعه پایدار در مواجه با مشکلات محیط زیست یاری رساند.روش بررسی: این مطالعه با استفاده از مرور منابع علمی و به کارگیری پایگاه داده های اینترنتی به بررسی موضوع پرداخته است و سعی دارد تا با بررسی مفاهیم و روش های ارزش گذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی، به این پرسش مهم پاسخ دهد که چگونه ارزش گذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی برنامه ریزهای محیط زیستی را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد.یافته ها: مفاهیم کلیدی در رابطه با خدمات اکوسیستمی بیان شد و انواع ارزش های کالاها و خدمات اکوسیستم و رویکردهای ارزشگذاری آن ها همچون رویکرد ارزش گذاری مستقیم و ترجیحات آشکار شده و ترجیحات ابراز شده و کاستی های آن ها معرفی و بررسی شد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: ارزش گذاری اقتصادی اکوسیستم، با برآورد ارزش کمی کارکردها، کالاها و خدمات اکوسیستمی، اطلاعات سودمندی برای برنامه ریزی حفاظت و بهره برداری پایدار منابع طبیعی در اختیار برنامه ریزان و مدیران اجرائی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی قرار می دهد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Mankind always need to ecosystem services and goods to survive, but there has been the problem of no market to valuation of this services and assume those being free. Ecosystem services valuation studies have considerably increased our knowledge of the value of ecosystems. Ecosystem services valuation can be interpreted as asking about the value of the current flow of benefits provided by that ecosystem, or about the value of future flows of benefits and also, be asking about the value of conserving that ecosystem rather than converting it to some other use. Valuation is not a single activity, and the seemingly simple question ‘how valuable is an ecosystem?’ Because ecosystem services are not fully negotiable in commercial markets, or they are not quantifying so that comparable to financial services and productive investment and they often little importance in politics, there are need to methods for their valuation. Given that understanding the principal and proper use of valuation methods, can help to policy makers and planners in order to design appropriate and effective Sustainable development policies related to environmental problems.Materials and Methods: This study has studied the subject through literature review and applying internet databases, and is trying to answer to this important question, how ecosystem services valuation affected environmental planning using to consider the concepts and methods of valuation of ecosystem services. Results: Key concepts about ecosystem services were stated and the different types of of ecosystem goods and services values and their valuation approaches such as direct valuation approach and revealed preferences and expressed preferences and their shortcomings were introduced and investigeted.Discussion and Conclusions: Ecosystem economic valuation, provides useful information for planning, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources to planners and executives, social and economic managers by estimating the quantitative value of ecosystem functions, goods and services.
منابع و مأخذ:
1- https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/value, Available online 22 November 2016.
2- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystem and human well-being: Scenarios; finding of the Scenarios Working Group, Vol, 2. Island Press.
3- Pearce, D.W. 2002. “An intellectual history of environmental economics.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, No, 27:57-81
4- Ashim G.B. 2000. Green national accounting: Why and How? Environment and Development Economics, 5: 25-48.
5- King, N. A. 2007. Economic valuation of environmental goods and services in the context of good ecosystem governance, Water Policy, Vol, 9: 51–67.
6- Haiati, B., Ehsani, M., Ghahraman Zadeh, M., Raheli, H., Taghizadeh, M. 2010. Factors Motivating the Visitors’ Willingness to Pay for Elgoli and Mashrouteh Park in Tabriz City: Application of Two Stages Heckman Approach, The Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development, 24 (1): 91-98. (In Persian)
7- Mojabi, S.M., Munawwari, M. 2005, Economic Valuation of Pardisan and Lavizan Parks, Environmental Sciences, 7: 72-63. (In Persian)
8- Moons, E. 2003. The Development and Application of Economic Valuation Techniques and Their Use in Environmental Policy– A Survey; Energy, Transport and Environment Center for Economic Studies, May 2003, Leuven Belgium.
9- Fisher, B., Turner, R. K. and Morling, P. 2009. Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for decision making. Ecological Economics, Vol, 68 (3): 643- 653.
10- Daily, G. C., Alexander, S., Ehrlich, P. R., Goulde, L., Lubchenco, J., Matson, P. A., Mooney, H. A., Postel, S., Schneider, S. H., Tilman, D. and Woodwell, G. M. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems, Issues in Ecology, No, 2: 1- 16.
11- Braat, L. C., and deGroot, R. 2012. The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the world of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosystem Services, Vol, 1(1): 4- 15.
12- Costanza, R., deArge, R., deGroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limbruge, K., Naeem, Sh., O’Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P. and den Belt, M. V. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387: 253- 260.
13- Boyed, J. and Banzhof, S., 2007. What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units, Ecological Economics, Vol, 63 (2): 616- 626.
14- Pascual, U. and Muradian, R. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, Review Editor; R. David Simpson, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Part V, The Ecological and Economic Foundations, Edited by Pushpam Kumar. Earthscan, London and Washington.
15- Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S. and Muller, F. 2012. Mapping ecosystem services supply, demand and budgets, Ecological Indicators, Vol, 21: 17- 29.
16- Villamagna, A. M., Angermeier, P. L. and Bennet, E. M. 2013. Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: A conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery. Ecological Complexity, Vol, 15: 114–121.
17- K. G. and James, P. 2013. Changes in the value of ecosystem services along a rural-urban gradient: A case study of Greater Manchester, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol, 109: 117-127.
18- Froer, O, 2007, Rationality Concepts in Environmental Valuation; Translated by Peter Lang, 1st edition, Volume 58. Frankfurt, Hohenheimer volkswirtschaftliche Schriften, Germany.
19- Suparmoko, M. 2008, Economic Valuation for Environmental Goods and Services (Market Price Method); Regional Training Workshop on The Economic Valuation of The Goods and Services of Coastal Habitats, Retrieved from http://typecat.com/Economic-Valuation-For-Environmental-Goods-And-Services.
20- Pearce, D. W. and Seccombe-Hett, T. 2000, Economic Valuation and Environmental Decision Making in Europe, Environment Science and Technology, Vol, 34: 1419-1425.
21- Amirnejad, H., Khalilian, S., Asareh, M. H. 2006. Determining the conservation and recreational value of Sosangan Nowshahr Forest Park using the willingness to pay, Pajouhesh Va Sazandgi, 72: 15-24. (In Persian)
22- Amirnejad, H., Atai Solut, K. 2011. Economic Valuation of Environmental Resources, Ava Masih Publications, Sari, 428 pages. (In Persian)
23- Pagiola, S., Ritter, K. V. and Bishop, 2004. Assessing the Economic Value of Ecosystem Conservation. The World Bank Environment, Department, Environment Department, Paper No.101.
24- Cavuta, G. 2003. Environmental Goods Valuation: The Total Economic Value; the Conference The Cultural Turn in Geography, 18-20th of September 2003- Gorizia Campus Part V: Economical Trends and Cultural Environmental Chances, Retrieved fromhttp://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/860/1/e7cavuta.pdf
25- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2007. introductory guide to valuing ecosystem services. Product code PB12852. Website: defra.gov.uk.
26- Torras, M. 2000. The total economic value of Amazonian deforestation, 1978-1993. Ecological Economics, 33: 283-297.
27- Pearce, D. W. and Pearce, C. J. T. 2001. The Value of Forest Ecosystem. A Report to the Secretariat Convention on Biological Diversity.
28- Lee, C. and Han, S. 2003. Estimating the use and preservation values of national parks tourism resources using a contingent valuation method, Tourism Management, 23: 531-540.
29- Pattanayak, S. K. and Kramer, R. A. 2001. Worth of watersheds: a producer surplus approach for valuing drought mitigation in Eastern Indonesia. Environment and Development Economics, 6 (1): 123–146.
30- Lee, J. F. J., Springborn, M. Handy, S. L., Quinn, J. F. and Shilling, F. M. 2010. Approach for
Economic Valuation of Environmental Conditions and Impacts. Final Report to Caltrans and the Multi- Disciplinary Team Prepared for California Department of Transportation, With Funding from Federal Highways Administration. Pp. 123
31- Daily, G. C., Soderqvist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P. R., Folke, C., Jansson, A., Jansson, B., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J., Maler, K., Simpson, D., Starrett, D., Tilman, D., Walker, B. 2000. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science, No, 289: 395–396.
32- Spash, C. L. 2000. The Concerted Action on Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE): an introduction. Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE), Cambridge Research for the Environment, UK.
33- Bateman, I. J., Carson, R. T., Day, B., Hanemann, M., Hanley, N., Hett, T., Jones-Lee, M., Loomes, G., Mourato, S., Özdemiroglu, E., Pearce, D. W., Sugden, R., Swanson, J. 2002. Economic Valuation with Stated Preference Techniques: A Manual. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
34- Kontoleon, A. and Pascual, U. 2007. Incorporating Biodiversity into Integrated Assessments of Trade Policy in the Agricultural Sector. Volume II: Reference Manual. Chapter 7. Economics and Trade Branch, United Nations Environment Programme. Geneva. Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etb/pdf/UNEP%20T+B%20Manual.Vol%20II.Draft%20June07.pdf.
35- Zare Mehrjerdi, M. R., Ziaabadi, M. 2010. Groundwater Valuation Using Hedanic Model (using Land Price Approach), Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 2: 128-119. (In Persian)
36- Jabbarian Amiri, B. 2011. Environmental impact assessment, University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 181 pages. (In Persian)
37- Ozdemiroglu, E., Tinch, R., Johns, H., Provins, A., Powel, J. C., Twigger-Ross, C. 2006. eftec in association with Environmental Futures Limited; Valuing Our Natural Environment; Final Report, Annexes NR0103, For the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 20th March.
38- Torras, M. 2000. The total economic value of Amazonian deforestation, 1978-1993 Ecological Economics, 33: 283-297.
39- Ghorbani, M., Firoozzare, A. 2009. Introduction to Environmental Valuation, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad poblications, Mashhad, 214 pages. (In Persian)
_||_
1- https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/value, Available online 22 November 2016.
2- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystem and human well-being: Scenarios; finding of the Scenarios Working Group, Vol, 2. Island Press.
3- Pearce, D.W. 2002. “An intellectual history of environmental economics.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, No, 27:57-81
4- Ashim G.B. 2000. Green national accounting: Why and How? Environment and Development Economics, 5: 25-48.
5- King, N. A. 2007. Economic valuation of environmental goods and services in the context of good ecosystem governance, Water Policy, Vol, 9: 51–67.
6- Haiati, B., Ehsani, M., Ghahraman Zadeh, M., Raheli, H., Taghizadeh, M. 2010. Factors Motivating the Visitors’ Willingness to Pay for Elgoli and Mashrouteh Park in Tabriz City: Application of Two Stages Heckman Approach, The Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development, 24 (1): 91-98. (In Persian)
7- Mojabi, S.M., Munawwari, M. 2005, Economic Valuation of Pardisan and Lavizan Parks, Environmental Sciences, 7: 72-63. (In Persian)
8- Moons, E. 2003. The Development and Application of Economic Valuation Techniques and Their Use in Environmental Policy– A Survey; Energy, Transport and Environment Center for Economic Studies, May 2003, Leuven Belgium.
9- Fisher, B., Turner, R. K. and Morling, P. 2009. Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for decision making. Ecological Economics, Vol, 68 (3): 643- 653.
10- Daily, G. C., Alexander, S., Ehrlich, P. R., Goulde, L., Lubchenco, J., Matson, P. A., Mooney, H. A., Postel, S., Schneider, S. H., Tilman, D. and Woodwell, G. M. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems, Issues in Ecology, No, 2: 1- 16.
11- Braat, L. C., and deGroot, R. 2012. The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the world of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosystem Services, Vol, 1(1): 4- 15.
12- Costanza, R., deArge, R., deGroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limbruge, K., Naeem, Sh., O’Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P. and den Belt, M. V. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387: 253- 260.
13- Boyed, J. and Banzhof, S., 2007. What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units, Ecological Economics, Vol, 63 (2): 616- 626.
14- Pascual, U. and Muradian, R. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, Review Editor; R. David Simpson, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Part V, The Ecological and Economic Foundations, Edited by Pushpam Kumar. Earthscan, London and Washington.
15- Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S. and Muller, F. 2012. Mapping ecosystem services supply, demand and budgets, Ecological Indicators, Vol, 21: 17- 29.
16- Villamagna, A. M., Angermeier, P. L. and Bennet, E. M. 2013. Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: A conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery. Ecological Complexity, Vol, 15: 114–121.
17- K. G. and James, P. 2013. Changes in the value of ecosystem services along a rural-urban gradient: A case study of Greater Manchester, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol, 109: 117-127.
18- Froer, O, 2007, Rationality Concepts in Environmental Valuation; Translated by Peter Lang, 1st edition, Volume 58. Frankfurt, Hohenheimer volkswirtschaftliche Schriften, Germany.
19- Suparmoko, M. 2008, Economic Valuation for Environmental Goods and Services (Market Price Method); Regional Training Workshop on The Economic Valuation of The Goods and Services of Coastal Habitats, Retrieved from http://typecat.com/Economic-Valuation-For-Environmental-Goods-And-Services.
20- Pearce, D. W. and Seccombe-Hett, T. 2000, Economic Valuation and Environmental Decision Making in Europe, Environment Science and Technology, Vol, 34: 1419-1425.
21- Amirnejad, H., Khalilian, S., Asareh, M. H. 2006. Determining the conservation and recreational value of Sosangan Nowshahr Forest Park using the willingness to pay, Pajouhesh Va Sazandgi, 72: 15-24. (In Persian)
22- Amirnejad, H., Atai Solut, K. 2011. Economic Valuation of Environmental Resources, Ava Masih Publications, Sari, 428 pages. (In Persian)
23- Pagiola, S., Ritter, K. V. and Bishop, 2004. Assessing the Economic Value of Ecosystem Conservation. The World Bank Environment, Department, Environment Department, Paper No.101.
24- Cavuta, G. 2003. Environmental Goods Valuation: The Total Economic Value; the Conference The Cultural Turn in Geography, 18-20th of September 2003- Gorizia Campus Part V: Economical Trends and Cultural Environmental Chances, Retrieved fromhttp://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/860/1/e7cavuta.pdf
25- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2007. introductory guide to valuing ecosystem services. Product code PB12852. Website: defra.gov.uk.
26- Torras, M. 2000. The total economic value of Amazonian deforestation, 1978-1993. Ecological Economics, 33: 283-297.
27- Pearce, D. W. and Pearce, C. J. T. 2001. The Value of Forest Ecosystem. A Report to the Secretariat Convention on Biological Diversity.
28- Lee, C. and Han, S. 2003. Estimating the use and preservation values of national parks tourism resources using a contingent valuation method, Tourism Management, 23: 531-540.
29- Pattanayak, S. K. and Kramer, R. A. 2001. Worth of watersheds: a producer surplus approach for valuing drought mitigation in Eastern Indonesia. Environment and Development Economics, 6 (1): 123–146.
30- Lee, J. F. J., Springborn, M. Handy, S. L., Quinn, J. F. and Shilling, F. M. 2010. Approach for
Economic Valuation of Environmental Conditions and Impacts. Final Report to Caltrans and the Multi- Disciplinary Team Prepared for California Department of Transportation, With Funding from Federal Highways Administration. Pp. 123
31- Daily, G. C., Soderqvist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P. R., Folke, C., Jansson, A., Jansson, B., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J., Maler, K., Simpson, D., Starrett, D., Tilman, D., Walker, B. 2000. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science, No, 289: 395–396.
32- Spash, C. L. 2000. The Concerted Action on Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE): an introduction. Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE), Cambridge Research for the Environment, UK.
33- Bateman, I. J., Carson, R. T., Day, B., Hanemann, M., Hanley, N., Hett, T., Jones-Lee, M., Loomes, G., Mourato, S., Özdemiroglu, E., Pearce, D. W., Sugden, R., Swanson, J. 2002. Economic Valuation with Stated Preference Techniques: A Manual. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
34- Kontoleon, A. and Pascual, U. 2007. Incorporating Biodiversity into Integrated Assessments of Trade Policy in the Agricultural Sector. Volume II: Reference Manual. Chapter 7. Economics and Trade Branch, United Nations Environment Programme. Geneva. Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etb/pdf/UNEP%20T+B%20Manual.Vol%20II.Draft%20June07.pdf.
35- Zare Mehrjerdi, M. R., Ziaabadi, M. 2010. Groundwater Valuation Using Hedanic Model (using Land Price Approach), Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 2: 128-119. (In Persian)
36- Jabbarian Amiri, B. 2011. Environmental impact assessment, University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 181 pages. (In Persian)
37- Ozdemiroglu, E., Tinch, R., Johns, H., Provins, A., Powel, J. C., Twigger-Ross, C. 2006. eftec in association with Environmental Futures Limited; Valuing Our Natural Environment; Final Report, Annexes NR0103, For the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 20th March.
38- Torras, M. 2000. The total economic value of Amazonian deforestation, 1978-1993 Ecological Economics, 33: 283-297.
39- Ghorbani, M., Firoozzare, A. 2009. Introduction to Environmental Valuation, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad poblications, Mashhad, 214 pages. (In Persian)
