آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های دام و طیور، انتشار در محیط زیست و تاثیر آن بر سلامت خاک، گیاه و انسان
محورهای موضوعی : کشاورزی و محیط زیست
مهسا محمدزاده
1
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان)
فروزان قاسمیان رودسری
2
(استادیار گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم دانشگاه زنجان)
اکبر حسنی
3
(استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان)
عباسعلی زمانی
4
(استادیار گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان)
کلید واژه: کود حیوانی, مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی, آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های دام و طیور, خاک کشاورزی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: آنتی بیوتیک های حوزه دام و طیور به طور گسترده ای در ایران و سایر نقاط جهان برای مقابله با بیماری های دام و طیور و به دلیل افزایش تقاضا برای گوشت و لبنیات در جامعه مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. بخش عمده ی این آنتی بیوتیک ها توسط ادرار و مدفوع دام و طیور دفع شده و این فضولات به عنوان کود دامی توسط کشاورزان در مزراع و باغات استفاده می شوند. این روند، نگرانی هایی را در مورد انتشار آنتی بیوتیک ها در محیط زیست ایجاد نموده است. افزایش غلظت این ترکیبات در محیط های کشاورزی ممکن است منجر به بروز باکتری ها و ژن های مقاوم به آنتی بیوتیک شود و در نهایت روی سلامت خاک، گیاه و انسان تاثیرگذار باشد. روش بررسی: در این مقاله به طور خلاصه مقدار مصرف آنتی بیوتیک در جهان و ایران، راه های انتشار آن در محیط زیست توسط کودهای دام و طیور، تاثیر آن بر جامعه میکروبی خاک، تجمع آنتی بیوتیک ها در اندام های خوراکی گیاهان و تاثیر آن بر سلامت جوامع انسانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین تاثیر کمپوست نمودن کودهای دام و طیور قبل از ورود آن به مزراع و باغات به عنوان یک راهکار نسبتاً مناسب برای جلوگیری از ورود این ترکیبات به خاک نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در نهایت شکاف های تحقیقاتی موجود و پیشنهاداتی جهت فهم دقیق تر این موضوع در کشور ایران بیان شده است. یافته ها: اغلب آنتی بیوتیک های دامی که به زمین های کشاورزی اضافه می شوند، توسط ریشه گیاهان قابل جذب هستند. این موضوع منجر به تجمع زیستی آنها در بافت های گیاهی و ایجاد سمیت برای گیاهان می شود. نوع تیمارهایی که قبل از ورود کود دامی به مزرعه انجام می شود، تعیین کننده غلظت نهایی آنتی بیوتیک وارد شده به محیط زیست می باشد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: شکاف های تحقیقاتی قابل توجهی در زمین انتشار آنتی بیوتیکها در محیط زیست وجود دارد. در کشور ایران باید غلظت انواع آنتی بیوتیک ها در کود دامی و طیور و همچنین سرنوشت آنها در خاک، گیاه و انسان مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Veterinary Antibiotics are widely used in Iran and elsewhere in the world to deal with livestock and poultry diseases, due to increased demand for meat and dairy products in the community. Most of these antibiotics are excreted in the urine and feces of livestock and poultry and these excrements are used as manure by farmers in fields and gardens. This issue has raised concerns about the release of antibiotics in the environment. Increasing the concentration of these compounds in agricultural environments may lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, and ultimately affect the health of soil, plant, and humans. Method: In this article, a brief overview of the use of antibiotics in the world and Iran, ways to release it in the environment by livestock and poultry manure, its effect on the microbial community of the soil, the accumulation of antibiotics in the edible parts of plants and its impact on the health of human has been studied. Also, the effect of composting livestock and poultry manure before entering the fields and gardens as a suitable strategy to prevent the occurrence of these compounds into the soil has also been studied. Finally, existing research gaps and suggestions for a more accurate understanding of this issue in Iran has been declared. Findings: Most Veterinary antibiotics added to agricultural land are absorbed by plant roots. This leads to their bioaccumulation in plant tissues and toxicity to plants. The type of treatments performed before the introduction of livestock manure into the field determines the final concentration of antibiotics introduced into the environment. Discussion and Conclusions: There are significant research gaps in the release of antibiotics into the environment. In Iran, the concentration of various antibiotics in manure and poultry as well as their fate in soil, plants and humans should be investigated. Key words: Veterinary antibiotics (VAs), Agricultural soil, Manure fertilizer, Antibiotic resistance.
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