ورزش و بازتاب های اجتماعی از منظر "مارسل موس"

محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات جامعه شناسی ورزشی

کمال جوانمرد ¹

1 - گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد شهرقدس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران .

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/07/21 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/08/28 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01

کلید واژه: عادت واره, جامعه شناسی ورزش, پتلاچ, مارسل موس, فنون بدن,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف: " مارسل موس"به اعتقاد اصحاب علوم اجتماعی فاتح سرزمین جدید جامعه شناسی ورزش است؛ سرزمینی که در آن، انسان محصول بدن خویش خوانده می شود و تصور بر آن است که کلیه ی تکنیک ها و فنون بدن، بازتاب ایستارها و ساختارهای اجتماعی و برآیند بستر فرهنگی بوده و حرکات کالبدی با فرهنگ و نظام اجتماعی ارتباط تنگاتنگی دارد. مارسل موس، فاتح سرزمینی است که طلیعه دار ورود علم اجتماعی به عرصه ی فعالیت های بدن و همچنین بازی و رویدادهای ورزشی است تا بدین وسیله، بنیان جامعه شناسی ورزش را پی افکند. هدف از این مقاله بررسی و بازشناسی اندیشه های این جامعه شناس کلاسیک در حوزه ورزش و بازی و کارکردهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی این پدیده ها است.روش شناسی: روش تحقیق این مطالعه بر اساس ماهیت موضوع از نوع اسنادی است و به تبع آن از فن کتابخانه جهت گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است.یافته ها: در این نوشتار، نخست نگاهی گذرا به زندگی و آثار مارسل موس، جامعه شناس فرانسوی شده، سپس کاربست اندیشه های اجتماعی او در زمینه ی بازی و ورزش تشریح شده و بن مایه های افکار وی در زمینه ی علم نوظهور جامعه شناسی ورزش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. آن گاه به تبیین شالوده ی نظریه های وی در مورد واقعیت های اجتماعی تام از جمله بازی ها و ورزش با تاکید بر مقاله ی "فنون بدن" نظری افکنده و به طبیعت انسان و جنس فنون کالبدی و همچنین عواطف آدمی که همگی رنگ و بوی فرهنگی دارد و از عنصر مشترک جامعه شناختی به نام "عادت واره" پیروی می کند، پرداخته شده است. سرانجام تحلیل بازی ها با استفاده از رسم اقوام ابتدایی به نام "پتلاچ" که مارسل موس آن را از بومیان سواحل شرقی به عاریت گرفته، انجام شده است.نتیجه گیری: مارسل موس مدعی شده بر اساس این رسم، انگیزه و هدف انسان از بازی نه صرفا سود و منفعت مالی، بلکه اهداف غیراقتصادی از جمله تحکیم روابط و ارتقا جایگاه و منزلت اجتماعی بوده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Objective: What follows is an overview of the views and ideas of Marcel Mouss, the conqueror of the new land of sports sociology.A land where man is called the product of his body and it is thought that all techniques of the body are the result of the cultural context and the process of socialization, and physical activitys are closely related to culture and social system."Mars Mouss" is the conqueror of a land that heralds the entry of social science into the field of physical activity as well as games and sporting events, thus laying the foundation for the sociology of sport.Methodology: The research method of this study is based on the nature of the subject of documents, and accordingly, the library technique was used to collect information.Results: In this article, first a brief look at the life and works of this French sociologist and then his theoretical application in the field of games and sports is explained and the foundations of his thoughts in the field of emerging science of sports sociology are examined and then the foundation is explained. His ideas about total social realities, including games and sports, are theoretically emphasized by focusing on the article "Techniques crops" and focus on human nature and the nature of physical techniques, as well as human emotions, all of which have a cultural flavor and a common sociological element. He follows the name "habitus", and finally analyzes the games using the" Potlatch" Customs which "Marcel Mouss" borrowed from the natives of the East Coast, and claims that according to this Customs, the primitive tribes have human motivation and purpose.Conclusion: The game is not just about financial gain, but also non-economic goals, including strengthening relationships and promoting social status.

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