Effect of cold water immersion on exercise induced-inflammation
محورهای موضوعی : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Reza Behbodfard
1
(Department of Exercise physiology, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran)
Gholam Ali Nasiri
2
(Department of Exercise physiology, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran)
کلید واژه: Inflammation, recovery, Water immersion, Exhaustive training,
چکیده مقاله :
Introduction: Immersion in cold water has been used as a therapeutic treatment for restoring physical activity and mental health. The effect of this method on reduction of exercise induced-inflammation is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion on CRP levels after an exhaustive aerobic training. Material & Methods: 20 male table tennis athletes were participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects were divided into the passive recovery (n=10) or cold water immersion (n=10) groups. All the subjects were performed the Bruce test protocol as the exhaustive aerobic training. Blood CRP was measured at three times: before and immediately after the exhaustive aerobic training and after the recovery strategies. Results: The results showed that the CRP levels increased immediately after the exhaustive aerobic training in the two groups (P<0.05). Blood CRP levels decreased after 15 min passive recovery and cold water immersion compare to after the exhaustive aerobic training (P<0.05). Bonferroni Post hoc test indicates that no significant differences were observed between two types of recovery. Conclusions: The results suggested that no significant differences are exist between the passive recovery and cold water immersion on reduction of exercise-induce inflammation; thus these two strategies are well for CRP reduction after intensive exercise.
References
1. Pyne DB. Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: a review. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1994; 26: 49-58.
2. Malm C, Sjodin TL, Sjoberg B, Lenkei R, Renstrom P, Lundberg IE, et al. Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. J Physiol 2004; 556:983-1000.
3. Peake JM, Nosaka K, Muthalib M, Suzuki K. Systemic inflammatory responses to maximal versus submaximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev 2006; 12:72-85.
4. Milias GA, Nomikos T, Fragopoulou E, Athanasopoulos S, Antonopoulou S. Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury on blood levels of platelet activating factor (PAF) and other inflammatory markers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95:504-513.
5. Ahmaidi S, Granier P, Taoutaou Z, Mercier J, Dubouchaud H, Prefaut C. Effects of active recovery on plasma lactate and anaerobic power following repeated intensive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 450-456.
6. Baldari C, Videira M, Madeira F, Sergio J, Guidetti L. Lactate removal during active recovery related to the individual anaerobic and ventilatory thresholds in soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 93: 224-230.
7. Howatson G, Goodall S, Someren KA. The influence of cold water immersions on adaptation following a single bout of damaging exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105: 615-621.
8. Martin NA, Zoeller RF, Robertson RJ, Lephart SM. The comparative effects of sports massage, active recovery, and rest in promoting blood lactate clearance after supramaximal leg exercise. J Athl Train 1998; 33: 30-35.
9. Gill ND, Beaven CM, Cook C. Effectiveness of post-match recovery strategies in rugby players. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 260-263.
10. Coffey V, Leveritt M, Gill N. Effect of recovery modality on 4-hour repeated treadmill running performance and changes in physiological variables. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7: 1-10.
11. Dowzer CN, Reilly T, Cable NT. Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32: 44-48.
12. Mokayef M, Shahini P. Comparison of contrast water immersion, active recovery and passive recovery on blood lactate and CRP levels in table tennis players. J Physic Act Horm 2017; 1: 17-28.
13. Barnett A. Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? Sports Med 2006; 36: 781-796.
14. Lattier G, Millet GY, Martin A, Martin V. Fatigue and recovery after high-intensity exercise. Part II: Recovery interventions. Int J Sports Med 2004; 25: 509-515.
15. Bender T, Karagülle Z, Bálint GP, Gutenbrunner C, Bálint PV, Sukenik S. Hydrotherapy, balneotherapy, and spa treatment in pain management. Rheumatol Int 2005; 25: 220-224.
16. Cochrane DJ. Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review. Physic Therap Sport 2004; 5: 26-32.
17. Farhi LE, Linnarsson D. Cardiopulmonary readjustments during graded immersion in water at 35 degrees C. Respir Physiol 1977; 30: 35-50.
18. Nakamura K, Takahashi H, Shimai S, Tanaka M. Effects of immersion in tepid bath water on recovery from fatigue after submaximal exercise in man. Ergonomics 1996; 39: 257-266.
19. Leal Junior EC, de Godoi V, Mancalossi JL, Rossi RP, De Marchi T, Parente M, et al. Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes-preliminary results. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 26: 493-501.
20. Peake JM, Roberts LA, Figueiredo VC, Egner I, Krog S, Aas SN, et al. The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. J Physiol 2017; 595: 695-711.
21. Bleakley C, Glasgow P, Phillips N, Hanna L, Callaghan M, Davison G, et al. Management of acute soft tissue injury using protection rest ice compression and elevation: Recommendations from the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports and Exercise Medicine (ACPSM). Association of chartered physiotherapists in sports and exercise medicine, Sheffield. 2010.
Available at: http://www. physiosinsport.org/media/wysiwyg/ACPSM_Physio_Price_A4.pdf.
22. Takagi R, Fujita N, Arakawa T, Kawada S, Ishii N, Miki A. Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats. J Appl Physiol 2011; 110: 382-388.
23. Vieira Ramos G, Pinheiro C, Messa S, Delfino G, de Cassia Marqueti R, de Fatima Salvini T et al. Cryotherapy reduces inflammatory response without altering muscle regeneration process and extracellular matrix remodeling of rat muscle. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 18525.
24. Lee H, Natsui H, Akimoto T, Yanagi K, Oshshima N, Kono I. Effects of cryotherapy after contusion using real-time intravital microscopy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1093-1098.
25. Schaser KD, Disch AC, Stover JF, Lauffer A, Bail HJ, Mittlmeier T. Prolonged superficial local cryotherapy attenuates microcirculatory impairment, regional inflammation, and muscle necrosis after closed soft tissue injury in rats. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 93-102.
26. Esfarjani F, Rezaee Z, Marandi SM. Which temperature during the water immersion recovery is the best after a sprint swimming. World Appl Scis J 2012; 16:1403-1408.
27. Roberts LA, Raastad T, Markworth JF, Figueiredo VC, Egner IM, Shield A, et al. Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signaling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. J Physiol 2015; 593: 4285-4301.
28. Puntel GO, Carvalho NR, Amaral GP, Lobato LD, Silveira SO, Daubermann MF, et al. Therapeutic cold: An effective kind to modulate the oxidative damage resulting of a skeletal muscle contusion. Free Radic Res 2011; 45: 125-138.
29. Camargo MZ, Siqueira CP, Preti MC, Nakamura FY, de Lima FM, Dias IF, et al. Effects of light emitting diode (LED) therapy and cold water immersion therapy on exercise-induced muscle damage in rats. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 27: 1051-1058.
30. Tseng CY, Lee JP, Tsai YS, Lee SD, Kao CL, Liu TC, et al. Topical cooling (icing) delays recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 1354-1361.
31. Roberts LA, Nosaka K, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307: R998-R1008.
32. Gonzalez AM, Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Wells AJ, Beyer KS, et al. Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on expression of CR3 and MIP-1β following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306: R483-R489.
33. Guilhem G, Hug F, Couturier A, Regnault S, Bournat L, Filliard JR, et al. Effects of air‐pulsed cryotherapy on neuromuscular recovery subsequent to exercise‐induced muscle damage. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41: 1942-1951.
34. Minett GM, Duffield R, Billaut F, Cannon J, Portus MR, Marino FE. Cold-water immersion decreases cerebral oxygenation but improves recovery after intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 656-666.
35. Airaksinen S, Jokilehto T, Råbergh CM, Nikinmaa M. Heat- and cold-inducible regulation of HSP70 expression in zebrafish ZF4 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136: 275-282.
36. Algafly AA, George KP. The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41: 365-369.
37. Crowe MJ, O'Connor D, Rudd D. Cold water recovery reduces anaerobic performance. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 994-998.
38. Bergh U, Ekblom B. Influence of muscle temperature on maximal muscle strength and power output in human skeletal muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 1979; 107: 33-37.
39. Wallman KE, Morton AR, Goodman C, Grove R, Guilfoyle AM. Randomized controlled trial of graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Med J Aust 2004; 180: 444-448.
40. Wilcock IM, Cronin JB, Hing WA. Physiological response to water immersion. Sports Med 2006; 36: 747-765.
