• صفحه اصلی
  • The pattern and kinematics of deep deformation of 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake doublet (MW 6.4 and 6.2), a New seismotectonic interpretation

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : IJES-2008-1512 (R2) بازدید : 148 صفحه: 112 - 130

10.30495/ijes.2021.685393

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

The pattern and kinematics of deep deformation of 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake doublet (MW 6.4 and 6.2), a New seismotectonic interpretation

محورهای موضوعی : Structural Geology

Mahnaz Nedaei 1 (Geology Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran|Board of Directors of Geological Society of Iran)
Hasan Alizadeh 2 (Geology Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran)
Mahdi Jahangiri 3 (Kavian Silise Kansar Co., Khoramdareh, Zanjan, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/12/28 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/05/14 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/05/14

کلید واژه: Spatial b-value variation, Rhombic structure, Fry analysis, Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake doublet, Coulomb stress change,

چکیده مقاله :

The 11th August 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake doublet Mw 6.4 and 6.2 occurred near the city of Ahar, northwest Iran, in a region where there was no major mapped fault or any well-documented historical seismicity. To investigate the active tectonics and the state of pre and post-seismic stress distribution of the source region, we applied a combination of Coulomb stress change, b-value mapping, and the Fry method. Inferred Coulomb stress field reveals the E–W-striking (dextral) fault responsible for the first event and the NNE–SSW-striking (sinistral reverse) fault for the second event. The high slip stress-released regions in the obtained b-value map and the dominant anisotropies of aftershocks on regional stress-parallel cross-sections achieved by the Fry method, together with the distribution of aftershocks mechanisms, merely highlight the particular wedge-shaped structures namely the rhombic structures. The clockwise block rotation about the vertical axis under the right-lateral regional shear between the Kura basin to the north and the Central Iranian Block to the south and NW-oriented coeval shortening leads to the formation of rhombic structures. The results of this study improve our understanding of the kinematics of active deformation in NW Iran and have important implications for seismic hazard assessment of the region and potential future failure area.

چکیده انگلیسی:

منابع و مأخذ:


  1. Afra M, Moradi A, Pakzad M (2017) Stress regimes in the northwest of Iran from stress inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms, Journal of Geodynamics 111:50-60.
    2.
  2. Aki K (1965) Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula log N= a-bM and its confidence limits, Bull Earthq Res Inst, Tokyo Univ 43:237-239.
    3.
  3. Allen CR, St. Amand P, Richter C, Nordquist J (1965) Relationship between seismicity and geologic structure in the southern California region, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 55:753-797.
    4.
  4. Ambraseys NN, Melville CP (2005) A history of Persian earthquakes. Cambridge university press,
    5.
  5. Ammon CJ, Kanamori H, Lay T (2008) A great earthquake doublet and seismic stress transfer cycle in the central Kuril islands, Nature 451:561-565.
    6.
  6. Ansari S (2016) Co-seismic stress transfer and magnitude-frequency distribution due to the 2012 Varzaqan-Ahar earthquake doublets (Mw 6.5 and 6.4), NW Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 132:129-137.
    7.
  7. Aron A, Hardebeck JL (2009) Seismicity rate changes along the central California coast due to stress changes from the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon and 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99:2280-2292.
    8.
  8. Astiz L, Kanamori H (1984) An earthquake doublet in ometepec, guerrero, mexico, Physics of the earth and planetary interiors 34:24-45.
    9.
  9. Bannister S, Gledhill K (2012) Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence, New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics 55:295-304.
    10.
  10. Bazoobandi MH, Arian MA, Emami MH, Tajbakhsh GR, Yazdi A (2015) Geodynamics of Dikes in North of Saveh, Open Journal of Ecology 5(9), 452-459.
    11.
  11. Bender B (1983) Maximum likelihood estimation of b values for magnitude grouped data, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73:831-851.
    12.
  12. Berberian M (1997) Seismic sources of the Transcaucasian historical earthquakes, Historical and prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus 28:233-311.
    13.
  13. Berberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian Plateau, Bulletin of the Seismological society of America 89:120-139.
    14.
  14. Bhattacharya A, Weber K (2004) Fabric development during shear deformation in the Main Central Thrust zone, NW-Himalaya, India, Tectonophysics 387:23-46.
    15.
  15. Bott MHP (1959) The mechanics of oblique slip faulting, Geological magazine 96:109-117.
    16.
  16. Bowman JR (1992) The 1988 Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, earthquakes: A synthesis, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 651–669.
    17.
  17. Bufe CG (1970) Frequency-magnitude variations during the 1970 Danville earthquake swarm, Earthquake Notes 41:3-7.
    18.
  18. Catalli F, Chan C-H (2012) New insights into the application of the Coulomb model in real-time, Geophysical Journal International 188:583-599.
    19.
  19. Chen H-Y, Lee J-C, Kuo L-C, Yu S-B, Liu C-C (2008) Coseismic Surface GPS Displacement and Ground Shaking Associated with the 2006 Pingtung Earthquake Doublet, Offshore Southern Taiwan, Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences 19.
    20.
  20. Cisternas A, Philip H, Giardini D, Balassanian S (eds) (1997) Seismotectonics of the Mediterranean region and the Caucasus vol 28. Historical and Prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus,
    21.
  21. Copley A, Faridi M, Ghorashi M, Hollingsworth J, Jackson J, Nazari H, Oveisi B, Talebian M (2014) The 2012 August 11 Ahar earthquakes: consequences for tectonics and earthquake hazard in the Turkish–Iranian Plateau, Geophysical Journal International 196:15-21.
    22.
  22. Copley A, Jackson J (2006) Active tectonics of the Turkish‐Iranian plateau, Tectonics 25.
    23.
  23. Crone A, Machette M, Bowman J (1997) Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 44:203-214.
    24.
  24. Crone AJ, Luza KV (1990) Style and timing of Holocene surface faulting on the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, Geological Society of America Bulletin 102:1-17.
    25.
  25. Dabiri R, Emami M, Mollaei H, Chen B, Abedini M, Omran N, Ghaffari M (2011) Quaternary post-collision alkaline volcanism NW of Ahar (NW Iran): geochemical constraints of fractional crystallization process. Geologica Carpathica 62(6): 547-562
    26.
  26. Daryono MR, Natawidjaja DH, Sieh K (2012) Twin‐surface ruptures of the March 2007 M> 6 earthquake doublet on the Sumatran Fault, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102:2356-2367.
    27.
  27. Das S, Henry C (2003) Spatial relation between main earthquake slip and its aftershock distribution, Reviews of Geophysics 41.
    28.
  28. Das S, Scholz CH (1981) Off-fault aftershock clusters caused by shear stress increase?, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71:1669-1675.
    29.
  29. Delvaux D, Sperner B (2003) New aspects of tectonic stress inversion with reference to the TENSOR program, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 212:75-100.
    30.
  30. Deng J, Sykes LR (1997) Stress evolution in southern California and triggering of moderate‐, small‐, and micro‐size earthquakes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102:24411-24435.
    31.
  31. Djamour Y, Vernant P, Nankali HR, Tavakoli F (2011) NW Iran-eastern Turkey present-day kinematics: results from the Iranian permanent GPS network, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307:27-34.
    32.
  32. Donner S, Ghods A, Krüger F, Rößler D, Landgraf A, Ballato P (2015) The Ahar‐Varzeghan Earthquake Doublet (M w 6.4 and 6.2) of 11 August 2012: Regional Seismic Moment Tensors and a Seismotectonic Interpretation, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105:791-807.
    33.
  33. Faridi M, Burg J-P, Nazari H, Talebian M, Ghorashi M (2017) Active faults pattern and interplay in the Azerbaijan region (NW Iran), Geotectonics 51:428-437.
    34.
  34. Faridi M, Sartibi A (2012) The Report of Ahar–Varzaghan Earthquake. Geological Survey of Iran, Tabriz Center (in Persian).
    35.
  35. Fry N (1979) Random point distributions and strain measurement in rocks, Tectonophysics 60:89-105.
    36.
  36. Gephart JW, Forsyth DW (1984) An improved method for determining the regional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data: application to the San Fernando earthquake sequence, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 89:9305-9320.
    37.
  37. Ghods A, Shabanian E, Bergman E, Faridi M, Donner S, Mortezanejad G, Aziz-Zanjani A (2015) The Varzaghan–Ahar, Iran, Earthquake Doublet (M w 6.4, 6.2): implications for the geodynamics of northwest Iran, Geophysical Journal International 203:522-540.
    38.
  38. Gibowicz SJ (1973) Variation of the frequency-magnitude relation during earthquake sequences in New Zealand, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 63:517-528.
    39.
  39. Görgün E, Zang A, Bohnhoff M, Milkereit C, Dresen G (2009) Analysis of Izmit aftershocks 25 days before the November 12th 1999 Düzce earthquake, Turkey, Tectonophysics 474:507-515.
    40.
  40. Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 34:185-188.
    41.
  41. Hainzl S, Moradpour J, Davidsen J (2014) Static stress triggering explains the empirical aftershock distance decay, Geophysical Research Letters 41:8818-8824.
    42.
  42. Hainzl S, Steacy D, Marsan S (2010) Seismicity models based on Coulomb stress calculations, Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis.
    43.
  43. Hardebeck JL, Nazareth JJ, Hauksson E (1998) The static stress change triggering model: Constraints from two southern California aftershock sequences, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103:24427-24437.
    44.
  44. Harris RA (1998) Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103:24347-24358.
    45.
  45. Harris RA, Simpson RW (1998) Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate‐and‐state failure, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103:24439-24451.
    46.
  46. Harris RA, Simpson RW, Reasenberg PA (1995) Influence of static stress changes on earthquake locations in southern California, Nature 375:221-224.
    47.
  47. Hatzidimitriou P, Papadimitriou E, Mountrakis D, Papazachos B (1985) The seismic parameter b of the frequency-magnitude relation and its association with the geological zones in the area of Greece, Tectonophysics 120:141-151.
    48.
  48. Horikawa H (2001) Earthquake doublet in Kagoshima, Japan: Rupture of asperities in a stress shadow, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91:112-127.
    49.
  49. Innocenti F, Mazzuoli R, Pasquare G, Di Brozolo FR, Villari L (1976) Evolution of the volcanism in the area of interaction between the Arabian, Anatolian and Iranian plates (Lake Van, Eastern Turkey), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1:103-112.
    50.
  50. Ishibe T, Shimazaki K, Tsuruoka H, Yamanaka Y, Satake K (2011) Correlation between Coulomb stress changes imparted by large historical strike-slip earthquakes and current seismicity in Japan, Earth, planets and space 63:12.
    51.
  51. Jackson J (1992) Partitioning of strike‐slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 97:12471-12479.
    52.
  52. Khorrami F, Vernant P, Masson F, Nilfouroushan F, Mousavi Z, Nankali H, Saadat SA, Walpersdorf A, Hosseini S, Tavakoli P (2019) An up-to-date crustal deformation map of Iran using integrated campaign-mode and permanent GPS velocities, Geophysical Journal International 217:832-843.
    53.
  53. King GC, Stein RS, Lin J (1994) Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84:935-953.
    54.
  54. Koyi H, Nilfouroushan F, Hessami K (2016) Modelling role of basement block rotation and strike-slip faulting on structural pattern in cover units of fold-and-thrust belts, Geological Magazine 153:827-844.
    55.
  55. Kuskov A, Mikhailov A, Dirks P (2001) DotProc v. 1.3. The analysis of 2–dimensional data sets, Computer shareware (http://dotproc fromru com).
    56.
  56. Lin J, Stein RS (2004) Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike‐slip faults, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 109.
    57.
  57. Lin J, Stein RS, Meghraoui M, Toda S, Ayadi A, Dorbath C, Belabbes S (2011) Stress transfer among en echelon and opposing thrusts and tear faults: Triggering caused by the 2003 Mw= 6.9 Zemmouri, Algeria, earthquake, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 116.
    58.
  58. Ma KF, Chan CH, Stein RS (2005) Response of seismicity to Coulomb stress triggers and shadows of the 1999 Mw= 7.6 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 110.
    59.
  59. Masson F, Lehujeur M, Ziegler Y, Doubre C (2014) Strain rate tensor in Iran from a new GPS velocity field, Geophysical Journal International 197:10-21.
    60.
  60. McKenzie D (1972) Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region, Geophysical Journal International 30:109-185.
    61.
  61. Meier MA, Werner M, Woessner J, Wiemer S (2014) A search for evidence of secondary static stress triggering during the 1992 Mw7. 3 Landers, California, earthquake sequence, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119:3354-3370.
    62.
  62. Mitsakaki C, Rondoyanni T, Anastasiou D, Papazissi K, Marinou A, Sakellariou M (2013) Static stress changes and fault interactions in Lefkada Island, Western Greece, Journal of Geodynamics 67:53-61.
    63.
  63. Mogi K (1967) Regional variations in magnitude-frequency relation of earthquakes, Bull Earthq Res Inst 45:313-325.
    64.
  64. Momeni S, Aoudia A, Tatar M, Twardzik C, Madariaga R (2019) Kinematics of the 2012 Ahar–Varzaghan complex earthquake doublet (M w6. 5 and M w6. 3), Geophysical Journal International 217:2097-2124.
    65.
  65. Nedaei M, Alizadeh H (2020) New insights into the 2017 Sefidsang earthquake by Coulomb stress change pattern and aftershock distributions: implication for active tectonics of NE Iran, Geopersia.
    66.
  66. Parsons T (2002) Global Omori law decay of triggered earthquakes: Large aftershocks outside the classical aftershock zone, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107:ESE 9-1-ESE 9-20.
    67.
  67. Parsons T (2005) Significance of stress transfer in time‐dependent earthquake probability calculations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 110.
    68.
  68. Parsons T, Segou M, Sevilgen V, Milner K, Field E, Toda S, Stein RS (2014) Stress‐based aftershock forecasts made within 24 h postmain shock: Expected north San Francisco Bay area seismicity changes after the 2014 M= 6.0 West Napa earthquake, Geophysical Research Letters 41:8792-8799.
    69.
  69. Parsons T, Stein RS, Simpson RW, Reasenberg PA (1999) Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: A comparison between limited‐offset oblique and major strike‐slip faults, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 104:20183-20202.
    70.
  70. Pearce JA, Bender J, De Long S, Kidd W, Low P, Güner Y, Saroglu F, Yilmaz Y, Moorbath S, Mitchell J (1990) Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44:189-229.
    71.
  71. Quintanar L, Rodríguez-González M, Campos-Enríquez O (2004) A shallow crustal earthquake doublet from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Central Mexico), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94:845-855.
    72.
  72. Razzaghi MS, Ghafory-Ashtiany M (2012) A preliminary reconnaissance report on August 11th, 2012, Varzaghan-Ahar twin earthquakes in NW of Iran, Report of International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior.
    73.
  73. Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrence S, Ergintav S, Cakmak R, Ozener H, Kadirov F, Guliev I, Stepanyan R (2006) GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa‐Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111.
    74.
  74. Sarkarinejad K, Ansari S (2014) The coulomb stress changes and seismicity rate due to the 1990 M W 7.3 Rudbar earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104:2943-2952.
    75.
  75. Sarkarinejad K, Ansari S (2015) Did the 1983 Charazeh earthquake trigger the destructive 1990 Rudbar earthquake?, International Journal of Earth Sciences 104:309-319.
    76.
  76. Scholz C (1968) The frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes, Bulletin of the seismological society of America 58:399-415.
    77.
  77. Scholz C (2002) The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 471 p.
    78.
  78. Schorlemmer D, Wiemer S (2005) Microseismicity data forecast rupture area, Nature 434:1086-1086.
    79.
  79. Schorlemmer D, Wiemer S, Wyss M (2004) Earthquake statistics at Parkfield: 1. Stationarity of b values, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 109.
    80.
  80. Sharifi Teshnizi E, Yazdi A, Rahnamarad J (2021) Geotechnical Characteristics of Liquefaction in Shahid-Rajaei Port Site (Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province) by Using GIS, Geotechnical Geology 17 (2), 613-626.
    81.
  81. Sobiesiak M, Meyer U, Schmidt S, Götze HJ, Krawczyk C (2007) Asperity generating upper crustal sources revealed by b value and isostatic residual anomaly grids in the area of Antofagasta, Chile, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 112.
    82.
  82. Steacy S, Gomberg J, Cocco M (2005) Introduction to special section: Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time‐dependent seismic hazard, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 110.
    83.
  83. Stein RS (1999) The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence, Nature 402:605-609.
    84.
  84. Stein RS, Barka AA, Dieterich JH (1997) Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering, Geophysical Journal International 128:594-604.
    85.
  85. Stein RS, King GC, Lin J (1992) Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude= 7.4 Landers earthquake, Science 258:1328-1332.
    86.
  86. Stein RS, King GC, Lin J (1994) Stress triggering of the 1994 M= 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors, Science 265:1432-1435.
    87.
  87. Sumy DF, Cochran ES, Keranen KM, Wei M, Abers GA (2014) Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5. 7 Oklahoma earthquake sequence, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119:1904-1923.
    88.
  88. Thatcher W (2003) GPS constraints on the kinematics of continental deformation, International Geology Review 45:191-212.
    89.
  89. Toda S (2008) Coulomb stresses imparted by the 25 March 2007 M w= 6.6 Noto-Hanto, Japan, earthquake explain its ‘butterfly’distribution of aftershocks and suggest a heightened seismic hazard, Earth, planets and space 60:1041-1046.
    90.
  90. Toda S, Lin J, Meghraoui M, Stein RS (2008) 12 May 2008 M= 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems, Geophysical Research Letters 35.
    91.
  91. Toda S, Stein RS, Sevilgen V, Lin J (2011) Coulomb 3.3 Graphic-rich deformation and stress-change software for earthquake, tectonic, and volcano research and teaching—user guide, US Geological Survey open-file report 1060:63.
    92.
  92. Tormann T, Wiemer S, Hardebeck JL (2012) Earthquake recurrence models fail when earthquakes fail to reset the stress field, Geophysical research letters 39.
    93.
  93. Tsapanos TM (1990) b-values of two tectonic parts in the circum-Pacific belt, pure and applied geophysics 134:229-242.
    94.
  94. Urbancic T, Trifu C, Long J, Young R (1992) Space-time correlations ofb values with stress release, Pure and Applied Geophysics 139:449-462.
    95.
  95. Ustu T (1965) A method in determining the value of b in a formula logn= a-bM showing the magnitude frequency for earthquakes, Geophys Bull Hokkaido Univ 13:99-103.
    96.
  96. Vearncombe J, Vearncombe S (1999) The spatial distribution of mineralization; applications of Fry analysis, Economic Geology 94:475-486.
    97.
  97. Vernant P, Chery J (2006) Low fault friction in Iran implies localized deformation for the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 246:197-206.
    98.
  98. Vernant P, Nilforoushan F, Hatzfeld D, Abbassi M, Vigny C, Masson F, Nankali H, Martinod J, Ashtiani A, Bayer R (2004) Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman, Geophysical Journal International 157:381-398.
    99.
  99. Wang J, Xu C, Freymueller JT, Li Z, Shen W (2014) Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119:3371-3392.
    100.
  100. Wang J-C, Shieh C-F, Chang T-M (2003) Static stress changes as a triggering mechanism of a shallow earthquake: case study of the 1999 Chi–Chi (Taiwan) earthquake, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 135:17-25.
    101.
  101. Wang W-H, Chen C-H (2001) Static stress transferred by the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Effects on the stability of the surrounding fault systems and aftershock triggering with a 3D fault-slip model, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91:1041-1052.
    102.
  102. Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bulletin of the seismological Society of America 84:974-1002.
    103.
  103. Wheeler RL, Crone AJ (2001) Known and suggested Quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States, Engineering geology 62:51-78.
    104.
  104. Wiemer S (2001) A software package to analyze seismicity: ZMAP, Seismological Research Letters 72:373-382.
    105.
  105. Wiemer S, Katsumata K (1999) Spatial variability of seismicity parameters in aftershock zones, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 104:13135-13151.
    106.
  106. Wiemer S, Toda S, Woessner J (2004) The Role of Stress in Causing High b-Value Regions in Aftershock Zones, AGUFM 2004:S13A-1034.
    107.
  107. Wiemer S, Wyss M (1997) Mapping the frequency‐magnitude distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate recurrence times?, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102:15115-15128.
    108.
  108. Wiemer S, Wyss M (2000) Minimum magnitude of completeness in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the western United States, and Japan, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90:859-869.
    109.
  109. Wyss M (1973) Towards a physical understanding of the earthquake frequency distribution, Geophysical Journal International 31:341-359.
    110.
  110. Wyss M, Klein F, Nagamine K, Wiemer S (2001) Anomalously high b-values in the South Flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: evidence for the distribution of magma below Kilauea's East rift zone, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 106:23-37.
    111.
  111. Xypolias P (2009) Some new aspects of kinematic vorticity analysis in naturally deformed quartzites, Journal of Structural Geology 31:3-10.
    112.
  112. Yadav R, Gahalaut V, Chopra S, Shan B (2012) Tectonic implications and seismicity triggering during the 2008 Baluchistan, Pakistan earthquake sequence, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 45:167-178.
    113.

سکوی نشر دانش

سند یا سکوی نشر دانش ،سامانه ای جهت مدیریت حوزه علمی و پژوهشی نشریات دانشگاه آزاد می باشد

پیوندهای سایت

مراکز مرتبط

پشتیبانی

صفحات رسمی

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]