Analyzing the Factors Affecting the Sustainable Urban Agricultural Development in Tehran Metropolis (Case Study: 22 Districts of Tehran)

محورهای موضوعی : Agriculture Marketing and Commercialization

Somayeh Khosravi ¹ , farhad lashgarara ² , Alireza Poursaeed ³ , Maryam Omidi Najafabadi ⁴

1 - Department of Economics, Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of Economics, Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Agricultural Extension and Education, IIILAM BRANCH, ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY
4 - Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology, Tehran University of Science and Research, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/09/23 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/01/29 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/03/11

کلید واژه: Sustainable Development, Urban Agriculture, urban management, Sustainable Urban Development,

چکیده مقاله :

The present study aimed to analyze the factors affecting sustainable urban agricultural development in 22 districts of the Tehran metropolis. This causal-comparative study was non-experimental in terms of controlling the studied variables. It was based on a survey strategy and sought to discover the relationships between the dimensions of urban agriculture, as well as those between variables through using a structural equation model. Additionally, the study was correlational research of variance-covariance matrix analysis type because of applying the structural equation modeling to assess the intended conceptual model. The statistical population included all residents in Tehran city who practiced farming in the city environment (urban agriculture) during 2018 under the supervision of the municipalities of 22 districts (n: 240). Further, the sample size was estimated at 145 by considering the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), followed by selecting the participants by using a stratified random sampling method (according to their district). A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized, the validity of which was determined by using content and construct validity. Furthermore, the reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha, sequential theta, and composite reliability tests. In this study, the urban farmers of Tehran introduced the social, economic, spatial, environmental, and subjective components as important, respectively. Based on the model of the factors affecting the sustainable urban agricultural development in the 22 districts of Tehran metropolis, subjective, economic, spatial, social, and environmental dimensions with the coefficients of 0.24, 0.19, 0.14, 0.09, and 0.08 had the greatest effect on sustainable urban development, respectively.

منابع و مأخذ:

• Adine Vand, A., Hajizade, M., & Ghadami M. (?) Investigation of the performance of the municipality in framework of good municipal rule: A case study of Babolsar city. Urban Management, 11 (31) 41-64.


• Pourjavid, S. (2011). Mechanisms of urban agricultural development in Tehran city. Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education.


• Pourjavid, S., Poursaeed, A., & Mirdamadi, S.M. (2021). Evaluation of urban agriculture training courses using Kirkpatrick's model. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 11 (3) online. https://ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_685403.html


• Pourjavid, S., Poursaeed, A., & Mirdamadi, S.M. (2019). Evaluation of urban agriculture training courses using Kirkpatrick's model (case study: the district 2 of Tehran). PhD dissertation in agricultural extension and education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch.


• Poursaeed, A., Pourjavid, Th., & Pourjavid, S. (2021). Urban agricultural extension. Islamic Azad University Press, Ilam branch.


• Jahed, M., Yazdanfar, S.A., & Norouzian-Maleki S. (2021). A systematic review of design solution for urban agriculture in allotment areas. Environmental Sciences, 19 (2) 21-38.


• Jazayeri, S.H., Poursaeed, A., & Omidi Najafabadi, M. (2021). Analyzing the social network of green space management actors in Tehran. PhD dissertation in agricultural extension and education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Iran.


• Jazayeri, S.H., Poursaeed. A., & Omidi Najafabadi, M. (2021). Assessing the managerial capabilities of Tehran in line with strategic planning of urban green space development, Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, online. http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_688047.html


• Hosseini, S.K., Kazemi, S.M., & Houshyar, H. (2020). Measuring the sustainability and analyzing the factors affecting sustainable development in urban areas (Case study: Mahabad city). Quarterly of Geography & Regional Planning, 10 (2) 471-491.


• Hamidi, K. & Yaghoubi, J. (2016). Identification of competencies required for urban agriculture extension agents from the agricultural extension expert’s perspective of Zanjan province, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Research 9 (3) 23-33.


• Drikvand, M., Moridsadat, P., & Razavian M.T. (2021). Identifying the factors affecting the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture with an entrepreneurial approach (case study: central district of Khorramabad city). Journal of Rural Research 12 (3) 426-445.


• Zabardast, A. & Darskhan, R. (2021). Explaining the components of achieving sustainable environmental development in the urban management structure of Tabriz metropolis, Sustainability, Development & Environment 2 (3) 21-40.


• Ebadi, H. & Mohebi, Z. (2021). Analyzing the effects of urban agriculture on social capital of stakeholders at Razi University of Kermanshah. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 11 (3) 31-44.


• Ladanmoghadam, A. (2016). The role of vegetation in the quality of life of citizens (case study: Gorgan). Urban Management, 45 (15) 95-118.


• Karami, R. & Salahi Esfahani, G. (2020). Typology of urban agriculture and the role of its education in urban sustainable development of Zanjan province. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 9 (1) 153-170.


• Malekinezhad, H., Mohamadzadeh, F. & Taherpour, M. (2020). The role of urban agriculture in increasing agricultural productivity and food security. Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems, 8 (26) 43-58.


• Mirtorabi, M.S., Rezvanfar, A. and & Movahed Mohammadi, H. (2015). Developing a strategic model for urban agricultural extension in Tehran metropolis. PhD Thesis in Agricultural Extension and Education, University of Tehran.


• Yadavar, H., Latifi, S., Kharazi, Sh., & Nami M. (2020). Analysis of Urban Agriculture Capacities Based on Tabriz University Agricultural Students' Viewpoint. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 16 (1) 183-196.


• Artmann, M., Specht, K., Vávra, J., & Rommel, M. (2021). Introduction to the Special Issue "A Systemic Perspective on Urban Food Supply: Assessing Different Types of Urban Agriculture". Sustainability, 13, 1-13


• Altieri, A. M., Companioni, N., Canizares, K., and Murphy, C. (1999). The greening of the barrios: urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values, 16 (2):131-135.


• Anguelovski, I. (2016). Healthy Food Stores, Greenlining and Food Gentrification: Contesting New Forms of Privilege, Displacement and Locally Unwanted Land Uses in Racially Mixed Neighborhoods. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(6), pp. 1209–1230.


• Badami, M., and Ramankutty, M. (2015). Urban agriculture and food security: A critique based on an assessment of urban land constraints," Global Food Security, 4. 8-15.


• Barthel, S., Parker, J. and Ernstson, H. (2015). Food and Green Space in Cities: A Resilience Lens on Gardens and Urban Environmental Movements. Urban Studies, 52(7), 1321–1338.


• Bartlett, J., Kotrlik, J., and Higgins, C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriation sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 1 (19): 43- 50.


• Basiri, M., Azim, A. Z., & Farrokhi, M. (2017). Smart City Solution for Sustainable Urban Development. European Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 6 (1), 71. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2017.v6n1p71.


• Carmona, M. (2003) Public places, Urban spaces. Architectural press


• Caputo, S., Schoen, V., Specht, K., Grard, B., Blythe, C., Cohen, N., Fox-Kämperb, R. Hawesf, J., Newell, J., & Poniży, L. (2021). Applying the food-energy-water nexus approach to urban agriculture: From FEW to FEWP (Food-Energy-Water-People). Urban forestry & urban greening, 58, 126934.


• Cavallo, A. and Di Donato, B. (2015). Mapping and assessing urban agriculture in Rom


• Chiesura, A. (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129-138.


• Colasanti, K., Hamm, M. and Litjens, C. (2012). The City as an ‘Agricultural Powerhouse'? Perspectives on Expanding Urban Agriculture from Detroit, Michigan. Urban Geography, 33(3), 348–369.


• Crouch, P. (2012). Evolution or Gentrification: Do Urban Farms Lead to Higher Rents? Grist. Available at: http://grist.org/food/evolution-or- gentrification-do- urban-farms-


• Diekmann, L. O., Gray, L. C., & Thai, C. L. (2020). More than food: The social benefits of localized urban food systems. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 1-15.


• Drake, L. (2014). Governmentality in Urban Food Production? Following ‘Community' from Intentions to Outcomes. Urban Geography, 35(2), 177–196.


• Draper, C. and Freedman, D. (2010). Review and Analysis of the Benefits, Purposes, and Motivations Associated with Community Gardening in the United States. Journal of Community Practice, 18(4), 458–492.


• Dubbeling, M., and De Zeeuw, H. (2011). Urban Agriculture and climate change adaptation: ensuring food security through adaptation. In Resilient Cities (pp. 441-449). Springer Netherlands.


• FAO (2015). Fao's Role in Urban Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/urban-agriculture/en/.


• (2011). Food, Agriculture and Cities: Challenges of Food and Nutrition Security, Agriculture and Ecosystem Management in an Urbanizing World.http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/fcit/pdf/foodagricities_oct2011.pdf


• Fernández Andrés, J. (2017). an urban agriculture become a planning strategyto address social-ecological justice? Degree Project in Environmental Strategies, Second Cycle. Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Architecture and the Built EnvironmentKTH Royal Institute of Technology


• Goodling, E.K., Green, J. and McClintock, N. (2015). Uneven Development of the Sustainable City: Shifting Capital in Portland, Oregon. Urban Geography, 36(4), 504–527.


• Kangethe, E. K., Grace, D., and Randolph, T. F. (2007). Overview on urban and peri-urban agriculture: definition, impact on human health, constraints and policy issues. East African medical journal, 84(11 Suppl), S48-56.


• Land Use Consultants (2004). Making the Links: Greenspace and Quality of Life. Scottish Natural Heritage. Commissioned Report No. 060 (ROAME No. F03AB01).


• Lee-Smith, D. (2010). Cities feeding people: an update on urban agriculture in equatorial Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 22(2), 483-499.


• Longley, C., Christopoulos, I. and Slaymaker, T. (2006). Agricultural rehabilitation mapping the linkages between humanitarian relief, social protection and development. Humanitarian Policy Group Research Report No. 21. Overseas Development Institute: London.


• Lupia, F. and Pulighe, G. (2015). Water use and urban agriculture: estimation and water saving scenarios for residential kitchen gardens. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 4


• Martellozzo, F., Landry, J. S., Plouffe, D., Seufert, V., Rowhani, P., & Ramankutty, N. (2014). Urban agriculture: a global analysis of the space constraint to meet urban vegetable demand. Environmental Research Letters,9(6), 064025.


• Meschede, C. (2019). "Information dissemination related to the Sustainable Development Goals on German local governmental websites", Aslib Journal of Information Management, Vol. 71. (3), 440-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-08-2018-0195.


• McClintock, N. and Simpson, M. (2016). Cultivating in Cascadia: Urban Agriculture Policy and Practice in Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver. In: J. Dawson and A. Morales, eds. Cities of Farmers: Problems, Possibilities and Processes of Producing Food in Cities. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.


• Millward, A. and Sabir, S. (2011). Structure of a forested urban park: Implications for strategic management. n Journal of Environmental Management 91(11): 24 -2215.


• Mohammadi, J. and Soleimani Shiri, M. (2014). The Effect of Urban Agriculture in Urban Sustainable Development and Its Techniques: A Case Study in Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 4(4): 275-285 .


• Mok, H., Williamson, V., Grove, J.; Burry, K.; S. Barker, F. and Hamilton, A.(2014). Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. Volume 34, Issue 1, 21–43.


• Mougeot, Luc J. A. (2006). Growing better cities:Urban agriculture for sustainable development, International Development Research Centre(IDRC),Canada.


• Opitz , I.; Berges, R.; Piorr, A. and Krikser, T. (2016). Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North. Agric Hum Values 33:341–358.


• Orsini, F.; Kahane, R.; Womdim, R. and Gianquinto, G. (2013). Urban agriculture in the developing world: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. Volume 33, Issue 4, 695–720.


• Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L, & Pearson, C. J .(2010). Sustainable Urban Agriculture: Stocktake and Opportunities. International Journal of Agricultureal Sustainability, 8(1-2): 1-19.


• Pourjavid, S., Poursaeed, A.R and Mirdamadi, S.M (2020). Modeling the Effectiveness of Urban Agriculture Education Courses. Urban Ecosystems, 23(1): 927-932.


• Rana, P. M. (2006). Environmental considerations of urban agriculture:acase of Rajshahi city, angeladesh. The Journal of Geo-environment, 6:28-40.


• Ratta, A. and Nasr, J. (1996). Urban agriculture and the African urban food supply system. AfricanbUrban Quarterly 11(2/3):154–161.


• Rabinowicz J (2002). Urban Food Security and the Potential for Urban Agriculture. Available at: g24.org/ukeje.pdf.


• Siegner, A.; Sowerwine, J. And Acey, C. (2018). Does Urban Agriculture Improve Food Security? Examining the Nexus of Food Access and Distribution of Urban Produced Foods in the United States: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2018, 10(9), 2988; doi:3390/su10092988 .


• Taylor Lovell, S. (2014). Designing a sustainable urban agriculture. Conference Paper. Conference: 99th ESA Annual Convention 2014.


• Taylor Lovell, S. (2010).Multifunctional Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Land Use Planning in the United States. Sustainability, 2(8): 2499-2522.


• Wekerle, G. R. (2004). Food justice movements:policy, planning, and networks. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23 (4): 378-386.


• Zeunert, J. (2018) Dimensions of Urban Agriculture: Routledge Handbook of Landscape and Food, Publisher: Routledge, Editors: Joshua Zeunert, Tim Waterman, Chapter: 12