تأثیر کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر کارآیی نیتروژن و فسفر در خرفه (Portulaca oleracea L.)
محورهای موضوعی :
اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
سیف‌اله فلاح
1
(استاد، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.)
بهجت عمرانی
2
(کارشناسی ارشد آگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/02/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/02/06
تاریخ انتشار : 1396/03/01
کلید واژه:
کود مرغی,
خرفه,
تجمع فسفر,
حفظ محیط زیست,
کارآیی بازیافت,
اوره.,
چکیده مقاله :
تأثیر عناصر غذایی نیتروژن و فسفر از منابع آلی و شیمیایی بر تغییرات غلظت، جذب و کارآیی آنها در گیاه خرفه طی آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهرکرد در سال 1393 بررسی گردید. تیمارهای مختلف کودی شامل 13 تن در هکتار کود مرغی (T1)، 4/14 تن در هکتار کود مرغی (T2)، 39 تن در هکتار کود گاوی (T3)، 8/16 تن در هکتار کود گاوی+ 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره (T4)، چهار سطح کود شیمیایی معادل تیمارهای آلی، 260 + 86 کیلوگرم در هکتار بهترتیب اوره و سوپرفسفات تریپل (T5)، 287 +100 کیلوگرم در هکتار بهترتیب اوره و سوپرفسفات تریپل (T6)، 260 + 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار بهترتیب اوره و سوپرفسفات تریپل (T7)، 260 +100 کیلوگرم در هکتار بهترتیب اوره و سوپرفسفات تریپل (T8) و شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) (T0) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که ماده خشک گیاه خرفه در تیمار T2(۸۳۴۵ کیلوگرم بر هکتار) نسبت به سایر تیمارهای کودی بهطور معنیداری افزایش یافت (۰۵/۰P<). کارآیی زراعی نیتروژن تیمار T5و کارآیی زراعی فسفر تیمار T2 افزایش معنیداری در مقایسه با دیگر تیمارهای کودی نشان دادند (۰۵/۰P<)، کارآیی بازیافت نیتروژن تیمارهای T5و T7 اختلاف معنیداری با هم نداشتند. ولی کارآیی بازیافت فسفر T2با میانگین ۶/52 درصد تفاوت معنیداری با دیگر تیمارهای کودی نشان داد. کارآیی فیزیولوژیکی نیتروژن تیمار T2 (۰۲/35 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم) با تیمار T8(6/31 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم)، و کارآیی فیزیولوژیکی فسفر تیمارهای T1و T5 اختلاف معنیداری با هم نداشتند. بهطورکلی، برتری کارآیی فیزیولوژیک نیتروژن و همینطور کارآیی زراعی، بازیافت و فیزیولوژیک فسفر در کود مرغی بیانگر نقش اکولوژیکی کاربرد کودهای آلی در تولید گیاه خرفه است که علاوه بر حفظ محیط زیست باعث جلوگیری از هدر روی منابع و تجمع فسفر در خاک‌های زراعی می شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
To investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from organic and chemical fertilizers sources, on their efficiency in purslane, a field experiment based on complete randomized block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were 13 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T1), 14.4 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T2), 39 t.ha-1 cattle manure (T3), 16.8 t.ha-1 cattle manure + 150 kg.ha-1 urea (T4), four chemical fertilizer levels equivalent to organic manure treatments, 260+86 kg.ha-1 urea +triple super phosphate, respectively (T5), 287+100 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T6), 260+200 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T7), 260+100 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T8) and control (T0). The results showed that T2 treatment produced 8345 kg.ha-1 of dry matter as compared with those of other fertilizer treatments (P<0.05). This indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus efficiencies in T2 treatment were significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05). In the mean time, nitrogen efficiency in T5 and T7 were not significantly different. However, phosphorus efficiency in T2 (52.6 %) indicated significant difference as compared with the other treatments. Nitrogen physiological efficiency of treatment in T2 (35.02 kg.kg-1) and T8 (31.6 kg.kg-1), and also P physiological efficiency in T1 and T5 were not significantly different. As a whole, the higher N physiological efficiency and also physiological efficiency of phosphorus in broiler litter reflect the ecological role of organic manure application in the production of purslane. This can also help environmental protection, as well as preventing loss of resources and phosphorus accumulation in the cropland soils.
منابع و مأخذ:
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· Sameni, A.M., and A. Kasraian. 2004. Effect of agricultural sulfur on characteristics of different calcareous soils from dry regions of Iran. II. Reclaiming effects on structure and hydraulic conductivity of the soils under saline-sodicconditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 35:1235–1246.
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· Sharma, A.K. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Agrobios. Jodhpur, India.
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· Soltaninezhad, F. 2013. Effect of solitary and integrated application of urea fertilizer and cattle manure on cadmium concentration and yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) medicinal plant. M.Sc. Thesis of Agroecology. Shahrekord University. Iran. 107p. (In Persian).
· Xu, H.L., R. Wang, R.Y. Xu, M.A.U. Mridha, and S. Goyal. 2005. Yield and quality of leafy vegetables grown with organic fertilizations. Acta Horticulturae. 627: 25-33.
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· Abbasi, M.K., M. Kazmi, and F. Hussan. 2005. Nitrogen use efficiency and herbage production of an established grass sward in relation to moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28: 1693-1708.
· Abbasi, M.K., A. Khalig, M. Shafiq, M. Kazmi, and T. Ali. 2010. Comparative effectiveness of urea nitrogen, poultry manure and their combination in changing soil properties and maize productivity under rainfed conditions in Northeast Pakistan. Experimental Agriculture. 46: 211-230.
· Bahl, G.S., and G.S. Toor. 2002. Influence of poultry manure on phosphorus availability and the standard phosphate requirement of crop estimate from quantity–intensity relationships in different soils. Bioresource Technology. 85: 317-322.
· Berti, M., S. Fischer, R. Wilckens, and F. Hevia. 2009. Flaxseed response to N, P, and K fertilization in South Central Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 69(2): 145-153.
· Chandrasekar, B.R., G. Ambrose, and N. Jayabalan. 2005. Influence of biofertilizers and nitrogen source level on the growth and yield of chinochloa frumentacea (Roxb) Link. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 1(2): 223-234
· Chu, H., X. Lin, T. Fujii, S. Morimoto, K. Yagi, and J. Zhang. 2007. Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39: 2971-2976.
· De Ponti, T., B. Rijk, and M.K. van Ittersum. 2012. The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. Agriculture Systems. 108:1–9.
· Delgado, A., I. Uceda, L. Anderu, and S. Kassem. 2002. Fertilizer phosphorus recovery from gypsum-amended reclaimed calcareous marsh soils. Arid Land Research and Management.16: 319-334.
· Farahmand, M. 2013. Effect of Sowing date and pattern onagronomic characteristics and yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) uader Ahvaz climatic conditions. M.Sc. thesis of Agronomy. Shahrekord University. Iran. (In Persian).
· Forster, P.V., P. Ramaswamy, T. Artaxo, R. Berntsen, D.W. Betts, J. Fahey, J. Haywood, D.C. Lean, G. Lowe, J. Myhre, R. Nganga, G. Prinn, M.S Raga, and R. van Dorland. 2007. Changes in atmospheric of constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate Change. 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press.
· Gastal, F., and G. Lemaire. 2002. N uptake and distribution in crops: An agronomical and ecophysiological perspective. Journal of Experimental Botany. 53: 789-799.
· Jackson, M.L. 1962. Soil chemical analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice–Hall, Inc. 498 p.
· Jones, C., K. Olson-Rutz, and C. Pariera Dinkins. 2011. Nutrient uptake timing by crop to assist with fertilizing decisions. Available online at: http://landresources. montana.edu/ soilfertility/
· Lajmorak, Sh., S. Fallah, and S.H. Ghorbani Dashtaki. 2012. CO2 production trend, carbon mineralization potential and sorghum dry matter under different nitrogen sources. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 2(2): 105-120. (In Persian).
· Mahdi, M.A., and Y. Xinhua. 2003. Effects of nitrogen rate, irrigation rate, and plant population on corn yield and water use efficiency. Agronomy Journal. 95: 1475–1482.
· Murphy J., and J.P. Riley. 1962. A modified single solution for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Journal: Analytica Chimica Acta. (27): 35–36.
· Nasirzadeh, S., S. Fallah, and M. Heydari. 2014. Changes in concentration and uptake of macronutrients, fertilization economic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency for isabgol medicinal plant (Plantago ovata Forssk L.) production under different treatments of manure and chemical fertilizers. Journal of Agroecology. 3(2): 21-32. (In Persian).
· Neisani, S., S. Fallah, and F. Raiesi. 2011. The response of N and P efficiency in silage maize to different urea and broiler litter levels under short-term drought stress conditions. Agroecology. 3(4): 525-534. (In Persian).
· Omidbeighi, R. 2008. Production and Processing medicinal plants Vol.3 Astane Ghodse Rezavi Publication. (In Persian).
· Omrani, B. 2015. The response of production and shelf-life of purslane plant to nitrogen and phosphorus supply from different fertilizer sources. M.Sc. thesis of Agroecology. Shahrekord University. Iran. (In Persian).
· Parham, J.A., S.P. Deng, W.R. Raun, and G.V. Johnson. 2000. Long term cattle manure application in soil I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels microbial biomass C and phosphatase activities. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 35:328-337.
· Patel, M.R., A.C. Sadhu, and J.C. Patel. 2008. Effect of irrigation, nitrogen and bio-fertilizer inoculation on N, P and K content and uptake of forage oat (Avena sativa L.). Research on Crops. 9 (3): 544-546.
· Pourazizi, M., S. Fallah, and R. Iranipour. 2013. Effect of different N sources and rates on dry matter and uptake of primary macronutrients in forage sorghum. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 185-202. (In Persian).
· Sameni, A.M., and A. Kasraian. 2004. Effect of agricultural sulfur on characteristics of different calcareous soils from dry regions of Iran. II. Reclaiming effects on structure and hydraulic conductivity of the soils under saline-sodicconditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 35:1235–1246.
· Sangakkara, R., I.K.B. Attanayake, and P. Stamp. 2008. Impact of locally derived organic materials and method of addition on maize yields and nitrogen use efficiencies in major and minor seasons of tropical south Asia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39: 2584–2596.
· Shah, Z., and M.I. Ahmad. 2006. Effect of integrated use of farm yard manure and urea on yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. 1: 60-65.
· Sharma, A.K. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Agrobios. Jodhpur, India.
· Singh, U. 2005. Integrated nitrogen fer tilization for intensive and sustainable agriculture. In: Basra, A., S. Goyal, and R. Tishner (Eds.), Enhancing the Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Plants. Journal of Crop Improvement. The Haworth Press Inc. PP: 213–25.
· Soltaninezhad, F. 2013. Effect of solitary and integrated application of urea fertilizer and cattle manure on cadmium concentration and yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) medicinal plant. M.Sc. Thesis of Agroecology. Shahrekord University. Iran. 107p. (In Persian).
· Xu, H.L., R. Wang, R.Y. Xu, M.A.U. Mridha, and S. Goyal. 2005. Yield and quality of leafy vegetables grown with organic fertilizations. Acta Horticulturae. 627: 25-33.
