نقش کاربرد کود زیستی فسفره و تریپل‌سوپر فسفات بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، غلظت کادمیم و فسفر دانه آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعینادیا نیسی 1 , علیرضا شکوه‌فر 2 , خوشناز پاینده 3
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه خاک‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
کلید واژه: کود شیمیایی, کود زیستی, آلایندگی, قطر طبق, غلظت روغن,
چکیده مقاله :
هزینه بالای کودهای شیمیایی مورد استفاده در بخش کشاورزی و مشکلات محیط‌زیست ناشی از استفاده آنها، لزوم تجدیدنظر در روش های مرسوم تغذیه گیاهان را آشکار می سازد. مصرف تلفیقی کودهای زیستی همراه با کودهای شیمیایی در راستای کشاورزی پایدار یکی از راه های اساسی به نظر می رسد. در همین راستا این پژوهش به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه آزمایشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز در سال زراعی 98-1397 اجرا شد. فاکتور اول مقادیر مختلف کود تریپل سوپرفسفات در سه سطح (صفر، 50 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و فاکتور دوم کود زیستی فسفره در سه سطح (صفر، 100 و 200 گرم در هکتار) بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد اثر سطوح مختلف کود زیستی فسفره و تریپل سوپرفسفات بر تمام صفات اندازهگیری شده معنی دار شد ولی اثر متقابل تیمارها معنی دار نبود. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده در این پژوهش، بالاترین عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، درصد روغن دانه، قطر طبق، تعداد دانه در طبق و غلظت فسفر دانه در شرایط کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار تریپل سوپرفسفات به همراه 200 گرم در هکتار کودزیستی فسفره به دست آمد. کمترین پوکی دانه نیز با کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار تریپل سوپرفسفات به همراه 200 گرم در هکتار کودزیستی فسفره حاصل شد. به نظر میرسد کود تریپل سوپرفسفات، به دلیل داشتن ناخالصی از جمله عناصر سنگین، باعث افزایش 54 درصدی غلظت عنصر کادمیم در خاک می گردد، اما افزایش سطوح مصرف کود زیستی فسفر در خاک موجب کاهش 45 درصدی تجمع غلظت کادمیم دانه میشود. با توجه به این نتایج کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار تریپل سوپرفسفات و 200 گرم در هکتار کود زیستی فسفره نسبت به سایر تیمارها باعث افزایش عملکرد کمّی و جذب عناصر در آفتابگردان شده است.
The high cost of chemical fertilizers used in agriculture and the environmental problems due to their use reveal the need to reappraise conventional plant nutrition practices. Integrated use of biofertilizers combined with synthetic fertilizers is one of the essential sustainable agricultural strategies. To this end, this study was carried out by using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch during 2018 cropping season. The first factor was different amounts of triple superphosphate fertilizer with three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1) and the second factor was phosphorus biofertilizer also with three levels (0, 100 and 200 g.ha-1). Result of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of different levels of biophosphorus fertilizer and triple superphosphate on all measured characteristics were significant but the interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Based on the results of this study, the highest seed yield, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, head diameter and number of seed per head and lowest empty seed belonged to the use of 100 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate with 200 g.ha-1 biophosphorus fertilizer. It seems triple superphosphate fertilizer to increase the concentration of soil cadmium by 54%, due to its impurities, including heavy elements, but increasing the levels of phosphorus fertilizer in the soil reduces the concentration of cadmium by 45%. According to these results, the application of 100 kg.ha-1 of triple superphosphate and 200 g.ha-1 of phosphorus fertilizer per hectare, compared to other treatments, may increase seed yield and absorption of elements of sunflower in this region.
· Abbadi, J., and J. Gerendaas. 2011. Effects of phosphorus supply on growth, yield, and yield components of safflower and sunflower. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 34(12): 1769-1787.
· Abdaslam, S., E. P. Lal, and Ch. K. Singh. 2016. Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of sunflower comparison in indolybian natural condition. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 6(2): 7-14.
· Ahmed, M.H., S.M. Mohamed, H.M. Moohamed, and H.M. Shahata. 2015. Effect of bio, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of sunflower crop grown in El-Kharga oasis, new valley. Assiut Journal Agricultural Science. 46(2): 148-161.
· Ali, A.B., O.A. Altayeb, M. Alhadi., and Y. Shuang-En. 2014. Effect of different levels nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on yield and chemical composition hybrid sunflower grown under irrigated condition. Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences. 1(7): 1-7.
· Anonymus. 2018. Newsletters. Ministry of agriculture, Golestan Province. No. 149. (In Persian)
· Ansa, J.E.O. 2018. Comparative effects of poultry manure and NPK rates on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in rivers state, southern rainforest, Nigeria. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research. 6(3): 24-30.
· Bamgboye, A.I., and A.O.D. Adejumo. 2007. Development of a sunflower oil expeller. Agricultural Engineering International. 6: 1-7.
· Beyranvand, H., A. Farnia, S. Nakhjavan, and M. Shaban. 2013. Response of yield and yield components of maize (Zea maiz L.) to different bio fertilizers. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. (1)9: 1068-1077.
· Buriro, M., M.N. Rais, A. W. Solangi, A. Soomro, A.W. Gandahi, and Sh. Kashani. 2015. Impact of organic and inorganic manures on sunflower yield and yield components. Science International (Lahore). 27(4): 3267-3270.
· Darwesh, D.A., P.M. Maulood, and Sh.A. Amin. 2013. Effect of phosphorus fertilizers on growth and physiological phosphorus use efficiency of three soy bean cultivars. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 3(6): 32-36.
· Darzi, M.T., A. Ghalavand, and F. Rejali. 2009. The effects of biofertilizers application on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 25(1): 1-19. (In Persian)
· Ekin, Z. 2010. Performance of phosphate solubilizing bacteria for improving growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the presence of phosphorus fertilizer. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9(25): 3794-3800.
· Fernandes, A.M., R.P. Soratto, L.D. Aguila Moreno, and R.M. Evangelista. 2015. Effect of phosphorus nutrition on quality of fresh tuber of potato cultivars. Bragantia Campinas. 74(1): 102-109.
· Gao, X., D. Flaten, M. Tenuta, M. Grimmett, E. Gawalko, and C. Grant. 2010. Soil solution dynamics and plant uptake of cadmium and zinc by durum wheat following phosphate fertilization. Plant Soil. 338: 423-434.
· Ghasemi, S., K. Siavashi, R. Choukan, K. Khavazi., and A. Rahmani. 2011. Effect of biofertilizer phosphate on grain yield and its components of maize under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Seed and Plant Production. 27(2): 219-233. (In Persian)
· Gholami Mehrabadi, A., M. Madaniand, and A. Malboobi. 2012. Response of maize hybrids to biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizer sources in Arak climate. 12th Iranian Crop Science Congress. 4-6 September. Karaj. Iran. (In Persian)
· Hejazizadeh, A., A. Gholamalizadeh Ahangar, and M. Ghorbani. 2014. Effect of biochar on lead and cadmium uptake from applied paper factory sewage sludge by Sunflower. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 26(1-2): 259-271. (In Persian)
· Huma Khan, N., M. Nafees., and A. Bashir. 2016. Study of heavy metals in soil and wheat crop and their transfer to food chain. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 32(1): 1-10.
· Javanmard, A., H. Mostafvi, and A. Khezri. 2014. Improving the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and the possibility of reducing their use by application of biofertilizers in corn production. Research in Crop Ecosystems. 1(4): 83-93. (In Persian).
· Kazemalilou S., N. Najafi, A. Reyhanitabar, and M. Ghaffari. 2018. Effects of integrated application of phosphorus fertilizer and sewage sludge on leaf chlorophyll index and some growth characteristics of sunflower under water deficit conditions. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 7(4): 1˗18. (In Persian).
· Kazemalilou S., N. Najafi, and A. Reyhanitabar. 2018. Increasing the yield and yield components of sunflower by integrated application of phosphorus and sewage sludge under optimum and limited irrigation conditions. Journal of Water and Soil˗Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 31(6): 1637˗1650. (In Persian).
· Khadiri Aghleh Boob, A., and A. Nasrollahzadeh Asl. 2017. Effects of irrigation disruption and Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer on agronomic characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 7(4): 297-303.
· Khajehpor, M.R. 2012. Industrial crop cultivation. Isfahan Industrial University Publication. 582 p. (In Persian).
· Khase sirjani, A. 2011. Evaluation of biofertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and enriched bacteria organic P-fertlizer in wheat production. Soil Research Journal (Soil and water Science). 25(3): 217-224.
· Krueger, K., A. Susana Goggi, A.P. Mallarino, and R.E. Mullen. 2013. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization effects on soybean seed quality and composition. Crop Science. 53(2): 602-617.
· Lan, Z. M., X. J. Lin, F. Wang, H. Zhang, and C.R. Chen. 2012. Phosphorus availability and rice grain yield in a paddy soil in response to long-term fertilization. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 48: 579-588.
· Madani, H., Gh. Naderibrojerdi, H. Aghajani, and A. Pazoki. 2010. Comparison of the effects of phosphorus fertilizers and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on seed biologic yield and relative phosphorus content of tissues in autumn Rapeseed. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding. 6(4): 93-104. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., M. Torabi, and S.J. Tabatabaee. 2000. Evaluation negetive effect of cadmium on crop production and methods for decrease Cd concentration. Bulletin No.67. Agriculture Education Publication. Karaj. Iran. (In Persian).
· Manikandan, S., and P. Thamizhiniyan. 2016. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on phytochemical constituents in sunflower. Journal of Applied and Advanced Research. 1(4): 18-20.
· Mar, S., M. Okazaki, and T. Motobayashi. 2012. The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis). Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 58(4): 492-502.
· Monjezi, H., M.R. MoradiTelavat, S.A. Siadat, A. Koochakzadeh, and H. Hamdi. 2015. Effect of sugarcane filter muds, chemical and biological fertilizers on absorption of some macro- and micro-elementsand heavy metals by canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(17):193-202. (In Persian).
· Osman, E.B.A., and M.M.M. Awed. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization under different plant spacing at New Valley ASS. Universal Bulletin Environment Research. 13(1): 11-19.
· Payandeh, Kh., M. Mojaddam, and N. Derogar. 2019. Effect of mycorrhiza and phosphate solublizing bacteria on yield and yield components of corn (KSC 704) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(3): 359-376. (In Persian).
· Pramanik, K., and A.K. Bera. 2013. Effect of biofertilizers and phytohormone on growth, productivity and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Journal of Crop and Weed. 9(2): 122-127.
· Rostami, F., A. Golchin, and M. Heydari. 2019. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on corn growth and cadmium uptake in cadmium spiked soils. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. 50(10): 2413-2323. (In Persian).
· Ryan, P. R., E. Delhaize, and D. L. Jones. 2001. Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Molecular, Biology. 52: 527–560.
· Sadozai, Gh.U., M. Farhad, M. Ayyaz Khan, E. Ahmad Khan, M. Niamatullah, M.S. Baloch, A.A. Khakwani, and K. Wasim. 2013. Effect of different phosphorous levels on growth, yield and quality of spring planted sunflower. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 12(12): 1070-1074.
· Shillode, G.U., D.S. Patil, and S.R. Joshi. 2016. Soil properties and yield of safflower as influenced by different fertilizers. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. 4(2): 13-16.
· Shoghi Kalkhoran, S., A. Ghalavand, and S. Modares Sanavi. 2012. Effects of biofertilizer and green manure in combination with integrated nitrogen sources on quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower. Environmental Sciences. 3: 35-52. (In Persian)
· Siebers, N., F. Godlinski, and P. Leinweber. 2014. Bone char as phosphorus fertilizer involved in cadmium immobilization in lettuce, wheat, and potato cropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 177(1): 75-83.
· Soltanpour, P.N. 1991. Determination of nutrient availability and element toxicity by AB-DTPA soil test and ICPS. Advances in Soil Science. 16: 165-190.
· Thomas, E., J. Omueti, and O. Ogundayomi. 2012. The effect of phosphate fertilizer on heavy metal in soils and amaranthus caudatus. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 3: 145-149.
· Umesha, S., M. Divya, K. Prasanna, R. Lakshmipathi, and K. Sreeramulu. 2013. Comparative effect of organics and biofertilizers on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L). Current Agriculture Research Journal. 3(29): 5-12.
· Yadav, K., and N. B. Singh. 2013. Effects of benzoic acid and cadmium toxicity on wheat seedlings. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 73(2): 168-174.
· Yadavi, A., and Z. Yuosepur. 2015. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus sources on soil chemical properties and elements concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Water and Soil. 29(1): 210-224. (In Persian).
· Yosefi, K., M. Galavi, M. Ramrodi, and R. Mousavi. 2011. Effect of bio-phosphate and chemical phosphorus fertilizer accompanied with micronutrient foliar application on growth, yield and yield components of maize (Single Cross 704). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(2): 175-180.
· Yousefpoor, Z., and A. Yadavi. 2014. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 24(1): 95-112. (In Persian).
· Zamani, Z., H. Zeinali, J. Masood Sinaki, and H. Madani. 2014. Effect of N and P fertilizers on yield and metabolites of medicinal plant Rubia tinctorum L. under saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant and Physiology. 4(2): 949-955. (In Persian)
· Zeinali, H., A. Moslehiyazddly, L. Safai, Z. Jaberalansar, A. Akhondi., and Z. Eskandari. 2014. The effect of different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile. Iranian Journal of Medical Aromatic Plant Science and Research. 3(4): 511-518. (In Persian)
Zhang, Y., M. Peng, J. Wang, Q. Gao, N. Cao, and Zh. Yang. 2015. Corn yield response to phosphorus fertilization in northeastern China. Agronomy Journal. 107(3): 1135-1140.
_||_· Abbadi, J., and J. Gerendaas. 2011. Effects of phosphorus supply on growth, yield, and yield components of safflower and sunflower. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 34(12): 1769-1787.
· Abdaslam, S., E. P. Lal, and Ch. K. Singh. 2016. Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of sunflower comparison in indolybian natural condition. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 6(2): 7-14.
· Ahmed, M.H., S.M. Mohamed, H.M. Moohamed, and H.M. Shahata. 2015. Effect of bio, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of sunflower crop grown in El-Kharga oasis, new valley. Assiut Journal Agricultural Science. 46(2): 148-161.
· Ali, A.B., O.A. Altayeb, M. Alhadi., and Y. Shuang-En. 2014. Effect of different levels nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on yield and chemical composition hybrid sunflower grown under irrigated condition. Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences. 1(7): 1-7.
· Anonymus. 2018. Newsletters. Ministry of agriculture, Golestan Province. No. 149. (In Persian)
· Ansa, J.E.O. 2018. Comparative effects of poultry manure and NPK rates on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in rivers state, southern rainforest, Nigeria. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research. 6(3): 24-30.
· Bamgboye, A.I., and A.O.D. Adejumo. 2007. Development of a sunflower oil expeller. Agricultural Engineering International. 6: 1-7.
· Beyranvand, H., A. Farnia, S. Nakhjavan, and M. Shaban. 2013. Response of yield and yield components of maize (Zea maiz L.) to different bio fertilizers. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. (1)9: 1068-1077.
· Buriro, M., M.N. Rais, A. W. Solangi, A. Soomro, A.W. Gandahi, and Sh. Kashani. 2015. Impact of organic and inorganic manures on sunflower yield and yield components. Science International (Lahore). 27(4): 3267-3270.
· Darwesh, D.A., P.M. Maulood, and Sh.A. Amin. 2013. Effect of phosphorus fertilizers on growth and physiological phosphorus use efficiency of three soy bean cultivars. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 3(6): 32-36.
· Darzi, M.T., A. Ghalavand, and F. Rejali. 2009. The effects of biofertilizers application on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 25(1): 1-19. (In Persian)
· Ekin, Z. 2010. Performance of phosphate solubilizing bacteria for improving growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the presence of phosphorus fertilizer. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9(25): 3794-3800.
· Fernandes, A.M., R.P. Soratto, L.D. Aguila Moreno, and R.M. Evangelista. 2015. Effect of phosphorus nutrition on quality of fresh tuber of potato cultivars. Bragantia Campinas. 74(1): 102-109.
· Gao, X., D. Flaten, M. Tenuta, M. Grimmett, E. Gawalko, and C. Grant. 2010. Soil solution dynamics and plant uptake of cadmium and zinc by durum wheat following phosphate fertilization. Plant Soil. 338: 423-434.
· Ghasemi, S., K. Siavashi, R. Choukan, K. Khavazi., and A. Rahmani. 2011. Effect of biofertilizer phosphate on grain yield and its components of maize under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Seed and Plant Production. 27(2): 219-233. (In Persian)
· Gholami Mehrabadi, A., M. Madaniand, and A. Malboobi. 2012. Response of maize hybrids to biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizer sources in Arak climate. 12th Iranian Crop Science Congress. 4-6 September. Karaj. Iran. (In Persian)
· Hejazizadeh, A., A. Gholamalizadeh Ahangar, and M. Ghorbani. 2014. Effect of biochar on lead and cadmium uptake from applied paper factory sewage sludge by Sunflower. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 26(1-2): 259-271. (In Persian)
· Huma Khan, N., M. Nafees., and A. Bashir. 2016. Study of heavy metals in soil and wheat crop and their transfer to food chain. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 32(1): 1-10.
· Javanmard, A., H. Mostafvi, and A. Khezri. 2014. Improving the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and the possibility of reducing their use by application of biofertilizers in corn production. Research in Crop Ecosystems. 1(4): 83-93. (In Persian).
· Kazemalilou S., N. Najafi, A. Reyhanitabar, and M. Ghaffari. 2018. Effects of integrated application of phosphorus fertilizer and sewage sludge on leaf chlorophyll index and some growth characteristics of sunflower under water deficit conditions. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 7(4): 1˗18. (In Persian).
· Kazemalilou S., N. Najafi, and A. Reyhanitabar. 2018. Increasing the yield and yield components of sunflower by integrated application of phosphorus and sewage sludge under optimum and limited irrigation conditions. Journal of Water and Soil˗Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 31(6): 1637˗1650. (In Persian).
· Khadiri Aghleh Boob, A., and A. Nasrollahzadeh Asl. 2017. Effects of irrigation disruption and Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer on agronomic characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 7(4): 297-303.
· Khajehpor, M.R. 2012. Industrial crop cultivation. Isfahan Industrial University Publication. 582 p. (In Persian).
· Khase sirjani, A. 2011. Evaluation of biofertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and enriched bacteria organic P-fertlizer in wheat production. Soil Research Journal (Soil and water Science). 25(3): 217-224.
· Krueger, K., A. Susana Goggi, A.P. Mallarino, and R.E. Mullen. 2013. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization effects on soybean seed quality and composition. Crop Science. 53(2): 602-617.
· Lan, Z. M., X. J. Lin, F. Wang, H. Zhang, and C.R. Chen. 2012. Phosphorus availability and rice grain yield in a paddy soil in response to long-term fertilization. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 48: 579-588.
· Madani, H., Gh. Naderibrojerdi, H. Aghajani, and A. Pazoki. 2010. Comparison of the effects of phosphorus fertilizers and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on seed biologic yield and relative phosphorus content of tissues in autumn Rapeseed. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding. 6(4): 93-104. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., M. Torabi, and S.J. Tabatabaee. 2000. Evaluation negetive effect of cadmium on crop production and methods for decrease Cd concentration. Bulletin No.67. Agriculture Education Publication. Karaj. Iran. (In Persian).
· Manikandan, S., and P. Thamizhiniyan. 2016. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on phytochemical constituents in sunflower. Journal of Applied and Advanced Research. 1(4): 18-20.
· Mar, S., M. Okazaki, and T. Motobayashi. 2012. The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis). Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 58(4): 492-502.
· Monjezi, H., M.R. MoradiTelavat, S.A. Siadat, A. Koochakzadeh, and H. Hamdi. 2015. Effect of sugarcane filter muds, chemical and biological fertilizers on absorption of some macro- and micro-elementsand heavy metals by canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(17):193-202. (In Persian).
· Osman, E.B.A., and M.M.M. Awed. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization under different plant spacing at New Valley ASS. Universal Bulletin Environment Research. 13(1): 11-19.
· Payandeh, Kh., M. Mojaddam, and N. Derogar. 2019. Effect of mycorrhiza and phosphate solublizing bacteria on yield and yield components of corn (KSC 704) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(3): 359-376. (In Persian).
· Pramanik, K., and A.K. Bera. 2013. Effect of biofertilizers and phytohormone on growth, productivity and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Journal of Crop and Weed. 9(2): 122-127.
· Rostami, F., A. Golchin, and M. Heydari. 2019. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on corn growth and cadmium uptake in cadmium spiked soils. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. 50(10): 2413-2323. (In Persian).
· Ryan, P. R., E. Delhaize, and D. L. Jones. 2001. Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Molecular, Biology. 52: 527–560.
· Sadozai, Gh.U., M. Farhad, M. Ayyaz Khan, E. Ahmad Khan, M. Niamatullah, M.S. Baloch, A.A. Khakwani, and K. Wasim. 2013. Effect of different phosphorous levels on growth, yield and quality of spring planted sunflower. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 12(12): 1070-1074.
· Shillode, G.U., D.S. Patil, and S.R. Joshi. 2016. Soil properties and yield of safflower as influenced by different fertilizers. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. 4(2): 13-16.
· Shoghi Kalkhoran, S., A. Ghalavand, and S. Modares Sanavi. 2012. Effects of biofertilizer and green manure in combination with integrated nitrogen sources on quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower. Environmental Sciences. 3: 35-52. (In Persian)
· Siebers, N., F. Godlinski, and P. Leinweber. 2014. Bone char as phosphorus fertilizer involved in cadmium immobilization in lettuce, wheat, and potato cropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 177(1): 75-83.
· Soltanpour, P.N. 1991. Determination of nutrient availability and element toxicity by AB-DTPA soil test and ICPS. Advances in Soil Science. 16: 165-190.
· Thomas, E., J. Omueti, and O. Ogundayomi. 2012. The effect of phosphate fertilizer on heavy metal in soils and amaranthus caudatus. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 3: 145-149.
· Umesha, S., M. Divya, K. Prasanna, R. Lakshmipathi, and K. Sreeramulu. 2013. Comparative effect of organics and biofertilizers on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L). Current Agriculture Research Journal. 3(29): 5-12.
· Yadav, K., and N. B. Singh. 2013. Effects of benzoic acid and cadmium toxicity on wheat seedlings. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 73(2): 168-174.
· Yadavi, A., and Z. Yuosepur. 2015. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus sources on soil chemical properties and elements concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Water and Soil. 29(1): 210-224. (In Persian).
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