کنترل شیمیایی و مکانیکی علف های هرز سویا (Glycin max L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
ابراهیم غلامعلی‌پور علمداری
1
(استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه گنبدکاووس، گنبدکاووس، ایران)
طاهر ارتق‌زاده
2
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشته شناسایی و مبارزه با علف‌های‌هرز، گروه تولیدات گیاهی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبدکاووس، ایران)
عباس بیابانی
3
(دانشیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبدکاووس، ایران)
علی نخ‌زری مقدم
4
(استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبدکاووس، ایران)
کلید واژه: عملکرد, سویا, وجین, ترفلان, پرسوئیت,
چکیده مقاله :
اثر غلظت های مختلف دو علف کش ترفلان و پرسوئیت و وجین بر کنترل علف های هرز، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سویا با اجرای آزمایشی به‌صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در زمین کشاورزی روستای قراول حاجی از توابع شهرستان کلاله استان گلستان در سال 1393 بررسی شد. تیمارها شامل کاشت سویا تحت شرایط وجین، عدم وجین و کاربرد علف کش‌های پرسوئیت و ترفلان به صورت 100% ترفلان؛ 75% ترفلان +25% پرسوئیت؛ 50% ترفلان + 50% پرسوئیت؛ 25% ترفلان + 75% پرسوئیت؛ 100% پرسوئیت؛ 100% پرسوئیت+ 25% ترفلان؛ 25% پرسوئیت + 100% ترفلان؛ 100% پرسوئیت + 50% ترفلان و 50% پرسوئیت + 100% ترفلان بودند. تراکم هر علف هرز، تراکم کل و درصد بازدارندگی آنها اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر کنترل شیمیایی و وجین بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی به‌جز تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، محتوی کلروفیل a و کل، معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین میزان سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی، تعداد دانه در بوته و وزن دانه در بوته به‌ترتیب در تیمار 100% پرسوئیت (238.67 سانتی‌متر مربع)، تیمار وجین (57.69 سانتی‌مترمربع)، دو تیمار وجین (33.1) و 25% پرسوئیت + 100% ترفلان (28.3)، دو تیمار وجین (163.92 گرم) و 100% پرسوئیت (163.70 گرم)، وجین (67.10 دانه در بوته) و دو تیمار وجین و 100% پرسوئیت + 50% ترفلان ( 10.27 گرم در بوته) مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه، با مقدار 2383 کیلوگرم در هکتار، مربوط به تیمار وجین بود. در میان تیمارهای علف کش، بیشترین درصد کنترل علف‌های‌هرز مربوط به هر دو تیمار ترکیبی افزایشی 100% پرسوئیت + 25% ترفلان (72.86) و 50% پرسوئیت + 100% ترفلان (75.19) بودند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل، بیشترین میزان محتوی پروتئین و کلروفیل b سویا به تیمار وجین تعلق داشت. هم‌چنین، بیشترین و کمترین محتوی فنل‌کل و پروتئین از تیمار 100% ترفلان به‌دست آمدند. اگرچه تیمارهای افزایشی فوق، علف‌های‌هرز بیشتری را کنترل نمودند اما احتمالاً اثرات بازدارندگی بر صفات اجزای عملکرد داشتند. این امر موجب کاهش عملکرد سویا نسبت به برخی تیمارهای جایگزینی و وجین شد.
To evaluate effects of the various concentrations of two herbicides of the trifluralin and Imazethapyr and weeding on weeds control, yield and yield components of soybean (Glycin max L.), an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agriculture Land of Ghravolhaji Village in Kallale district of Golestan province in 2014. Treatments consisted of planting soybean under weeding, without weeding and application of trifluralin and Imazethapyr as 100% trifluralin, 75% trifluralin + 25% Imazethapyr, 50% trifluralin + 50% Imazethapyr, 25% trifluralin + 75% Imazethapyr, 100% pursuit, 100% Imazethapyr + 25% trifluralin, 25% Imazethapyr + 100% trifluralin, 100% Imazethapyr + 50% trifluralin and 50% Imazethapyr + 100% trifluralin. density of each weed, their total density and inhibition percentage were measured. Results showed that the effect of chemical weed control on all traits measured, except seed number per pot, 1000 seed weight, content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, were significant. The highest leaf area, plant height, number of pods per plant, aerial plant dry weight, seed number per plant and seed weight per plant were observed in the treatment of the 100% Imazethapyr (238.67 cm2), weeding (57.69 cm), both treatments of weeding (33.10) and 25% Imazethapyr +100% trifluralin (28.3), both treatment of weeding (163.92 g) and 100% Imazethapyr (163.70 g), weeding (67.10 seed per plant), both treatment of weeding and 100% Imazethapyr + 50% trifluralin (10.27 seed per plant) respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from weeding treatment (2383 kg/h). Based on the results, the highest content of protein and chlorophyll b in soybean were obtained from weeding treatment. The highest inhibition percentage of weeds was found in the additional treatment of 50% Imazethapyr + 100% trifluralin (75.19) and 100% Imazethapyr + 25% trifluralin (72.86). The lowest and highest total phenols content and proteins also were obtained in the treatment of 100% trifluralin. Although treatments mentioned above had inhibitory effects on weeds they also decreased the yield components and seed yield of the soybean.
Adcock, T.E., and P.A. Banks 2009. Effects of pre emergence herbicides on the competitiveness of selected weeds. Weed Science. 39: 54–56.
Apple, H.M. 1993. Phenolics in ecological interaction – the important of oxidation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19: 1521-1552.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1): 1-15.
Baghestani, M.A., and E, Zand. 2010. Possible survey of mixing herbicides of Nicosulfuron with Bromicide MA (Bromoxynil +MCPA) in weeds control of corn. Final report of research project. 89/1767. Weeds research section. Iranian Institute of plant protection. p. 54. (In Persian)
Bhullar M.S., S. Kaur, T. Kaur, T. Singh, M. Singh, and A.J. Jhala. 2013. Control of broadleaf weeds with post-emergence herbicides in four barley (Hordeum spp.) cultivars. Crop Protection. 43: 216- 222.
Blum, U., S.R. Shafer, and M.E.L. Ehmen. 1999. Evidence for inhibitory interactions feedback. Biogeochem. 42: 189-220.
Bollich, P.K., E.P. Dunigan, L.M. Kitchen, and V. Taylor. 1988. The influence of trifluralin and pendimethalin on nodulation, N2 (C2H2) fixation, and seed yield of field grown soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Weed Science. 36: 15-19.
Chiezey, U.F. 2011. Pod abortion and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition in the Northern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Tropical Oil Seeds Journal. 6: 1-10.
Daizy, R.B., K. Lavanya, H.P. Singh, and R.K. Kohli. 2007. Phenolic allelochemicals released by Chenopodium murale affect the growth nodulation and macromolecule content in chickpea and pea. Plant Growth Regulation. 51: 119-128.
Daneshian, J., and G. Nourmohammadi. 2009. Response of soybean to drought stress and different levels of phosphorus. Seventh Congress Crop Science Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Karaj. (In Persian).
Deyhimfard, R., E. Zand, H. Liaghati, S. Soufizadeh, and M. A. Baghestani. 2009. Policies to reduce herbicide use. Environmental Science. 3: 4-24. (In Persian)
Egli, D.B., and W.P. Bruening. 2010. Shade and temporal distribution of pod production and set in soybean. Crop Science. 45(5): 1764-1769.
Ghadiri, H. 2008. Weeds knowledge (Principles and Methods). Shiraz University Press. p. 700. (In Persian)
Gonzalez-rodriguez, A.M., A. Martin-olivera, D. Morales, and M.S. Jimenez. 2005. Physiological responses of tagasaste to a progressive drought in its native environment on the Canary Islands. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53:195-204.
Karam, F., R. Masaad, T. Sfeir, O. Mounzer, and Y. Rouphael. 2009. Evapotranspiration and seed yield of field grown soybean under deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural and Water Management. 75(3): 226–244.
Khakzad, R., R. Valiallahpour, A. Gholipour, and C. Norani. 2012. The effects of planting date of soyabean cultivars and herbicides on the species density of weeds. Journal of Plant Protection. 2 (4): 395- 407. (In Persian)
Lowery, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr, and R.J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with folin Phenol Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 256-275.
Malick, C.P., and M.B. Singh. 1980. In plant enzymology and histo enzymologhy. Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli.
Mamnoie, E. 2010. Possible survey of mixing herbicides of Nicosulfuron with Bromicide MA (Bromoxynil +MCPA) in weeds control of corn. Final report of research project. 70/1693/89. Weeds research section. Iranian Institute of plant protection. p. 37 (In Persian).
Meckel, L., D.B. Egli, R.E. Phihps, D. Radeliffe, and J.E. Leggett. 2007. Effect of moisture stress on seed growth in soybeans. Agronomy Jounal. 76: 647-650.
Moonen, A.C., and P. Barberi. 2002. An ecological approach to study the physical and chemical effects of recovers residues on Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Maize. Annals of Applied Biology. Vol, 148. p.73.
Mousavi, S. K., E. Zand, and H. Saremi. 2005. Physiological Function and Application of Herbicides. Zanjan University Press. p. 286. (In Persian)
Mousavi, M.R. 2008. Integrated weed management (principles and methods). Miad Publisher. p.468. (In Persian)
Northup, R., R.A. Dahlgren, and J.G. Mc Coll. 1998. Polyphenols as regulators of plant-litter soil interactions in northern California’s Pygmy forest. A positive feedback? Biogeochemistry. 42: 189-220.
Palmer, J., E.J. Dunphy, and P. Reese. 1995. Managing drought – stressed soybean in the southeast. North Carolina cooperative extension service as publication number AG-519-12. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/disaster/drought/dro-24.html.
Randhawa, M.A., M.A.J. Khan, N.H. Khan, and M. Asif. 2009. Influence of Trianthema portulacastrum infestation and plant spacing on the yield and quality of maize grain. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11: 225- 227.
Rao, V.S. 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publisher. USA. p. 555.
Royuela, M., A. Gonzalez, C. Arrese-Igor, P.M. Aparicio-Tejo, and C. Gonzalez-Murua. 1998. Imazethapyr inhibition of acetolactate synthase in rhizobium and its symbiosis with pea. Pesticide Science. 52: 372-380.
Sarabi, V., A. Ghanbari, M.A. Rashed Mohassal, M. Nasiri Mahallati, and M. Rastgo. Evaluation of mixing effects of Foramsulfuran and Nicosulfuron herbicides with 2,4-D+ MCPA. Journal of Plant Protection. 28(1): 66-78. (In Persian)
Schwining, S., B.I. Starr, and J.R. Ehleringer. 2005. Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part Ι: effects on soil water and plant water uptake. Journal of Arid Environments. 60: 547-566.
Shimi, P., A. Haghighi, Y. Abtali, R. Pourazar, M. Jamali, and M. Nouralizadeh. 2014. The effect of mixed herbicide on weeds control of canola field (incase Brassicaceae family). Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 10: 21-31. (In Persian).
Truong, N., J.G. Gwag, Y.J. Park, and S.H. Lee. 2011. Genetic diversity of soybean pod shape based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Korean Jounal of Crop Science. 50(1): 1-8.
Vashegani Farahani, M., C. Vegan, H. Najafi, and H. Sasanfar. 2012. Survey of reduced dosage effect of Imazethapyr in various phenological stages of Glycine max on Xanthium strumarium weed. Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 18: 17-26. (In Persian)
Yousefi, A., and R. Amini. 2014. Using reduced rates of trifluralin and hand weeding in sustainable weed management of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.). Journal of Sustainable Agricultur and Production Science. 24 (2): 95-105. (In Persian)
Zarco-Tejada, P.J., J.R. Miller, G.H. Mohammad, T.L. Noland, and P.H. Sampson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence effects on vegetation apparent reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 74: 596-608.
Zhang, J., L. Zheng, O. Jack, D. Yan, Z. Zhang, R. Gerhards, and H. Ni. 2013. Efficacy of four post emergence herbicides applied at reduced doses on weeds in summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields in North China Plain. Crop Protection. 52: 26-32.
_||_Adcock, T.E., and P.A. Banks 2009. Effects of pre emergence herbicides on the competitiveness of selected weeds. Weed Science. 39: 54–56.
Apple, H.M. 1993. Phenolics in ecological interaction – the important of oxidation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19: 1521-1552.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1): 1-15.
Baghestani, M.A., and E, Zand. 2010. Possible survey of mixing herbicides of Nicosulfuron with Bromicide MA (Bromoxynil +MCPA) in weeds control of corn. Final report of research project. 89/1767. Weeds research section. Iranian Institute of plant protection. p. 54. (In Persian)
Bhullar M.S., S. Kaur, T. Kaur, T. Singh, M. Singh, and A.J. Jhala. 2013. Control of broadleaf weeds with post-emergence herbicides in four barley (Hordeum spp.) cultivars. Crop Protection. 43: 216- 222.
Blum, U., S.R. Shafer, and M.E.L. Ehmen. 1999. Evidence for inhibitory interactions feedback. Biogeochem. 42: 189-220.
Bollich, P.K., E.P. Dunigan, L.M. Kitchen, and V. Taylor. 1988. The influence of trifluralin and pendimethalin on nodulation, N2 (C2H2) fixation, and seed yield of field grown soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Weed Science. 36: 15-19.
Chiezey, U.F. 2011. Pod abortion and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition in the Northern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Tropical Oil Seeds Journal. 6: 1-10.
Daizy, R.B., K. Lavanya, H.P. Singh, and R.K. Kohli. 2007. Phenolic allelochemicals released by Chenopodium murale affect the growth nodulation and macromolecule content in chickpea and pea. Plant Growth Regulation. 51: 119-128.
Daneshian, J., and G. Nourmohammadi. 2009. Response of soybean to drought stress and different levels of phosphorus. Seventh Congress Crop Science Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Karaj. (In Persian).
Deyhimfard, R., E. Zand, H. Liaghati, S. Soufizadeh, and M. A. Baghestani. 2009. Policies to reduce herbicide use. Environmental Science. 3: 4-24. (In Persian)
Egli, D.B., and W.P. Bruening. 2010. Shade and temporal distribution of pod production and set in soybean. Crop Science. 45(5): 1764-1769.
Ghadiri, H. 2008. Weeds knowledge (Principles and Methods). Shiraz University Press. p. 700. (In Persian)
Gonzalez-rodriguez, A.M., A. Martin-olivera, D. Morales, and M.S. Jimenez. 2005. Physiological responses of tagasaste to a progressive drought in its native environment on the Canary Islands. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53:195-204.
Karam, F., R. Masaad, T. Sfeir, O. Mounzer, and Y. Rouphael. 2009. Evapotranspiration and seed yield of field grown soybean under deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural and Water Management. 75(3): 226–244.
Khakzad, R., R. Valiallahpour, A. Gholipour, and C. Norani. 2012. The effects of planting date of soyabean cultivars and herbicides on the species density of weeds. Journal of Plant Protection. 2 (4): 395- 407. (In Persian)
Lowery, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr, and R.J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with folin Phenol Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 256-275.
Malick, C.P., and M.B. Singh. 1980. In plant enzymology and histo enzymologhy. Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli.
Mamnoie, E. 2010. Possible survey of mixing herbicides of Nicosulfuron with Bromicide MA (Bromoxynil +MCPA) in weeds control of corn. Final report of research project. 70/1693/89. Weeds research section. Iranian Institute of plant protection. p. 37 (In Persian).
Meckel, L., D.B. Egli, R.E. Phihps, D. Radeliffe, and J.E. Leggett. 2007. Effect of moisture stress on seed growth in soybeans. Agronomy Jounal. 76: 647-650.
Moonen, A.C., and P. Barberi. 2002. An ecological approach to study the physical and chemical effects of recovers residues on Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Maize. Annals of Applied Biology. Vol, 148. p.73.
Mousavi, S. K., E. Zand, and H. Saremi. 2005. Physiological Function and Application of Herbicides. Zanjan University Press. p. 286. (In Persian)
Mousavi, M.R. 2008. Integrated weed management (principles and methods). Miad Publisher. p.468. (In Persian)
Northup, R., R.A. Dahlgren, and J.G. Mc Coll. 1998. Polyphenols as regulators of plant-litter soil interactions in northern California’s Pygmy forest. A positive feedback? Biogeochemistry. 42: 189-220.
Palmer, J., E.J. Dunphy, and P. Reese. 1995. Managing drought – stressed soybean in the southeast. North Carolina cooperative extension service as publication number AG-519-12. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/disaster/drought/dro-24.html.
Randhawa, M.A., M.A.J. Khan, N.H. Khan, and M. Asif. 2009. Influence of Trianthema portulacastrum infestation and plant spacing on the yield and quality of maize grain. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11: 225- 227.
Rao, V.S. 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publisher. USA. p. 555.
Royuela, M., A. Gonzalez, C. Arrese-Igor, P.M. Aparicio-Tejo, and C. Gonzalez-Murua. 1998. Imazethapyr inhibition of acetolactate synthase in rhizobium and its symbiosis with pea. Pesticide Science. 52: 372-380.
Sarabi, V., A. Ghanbari, M.A. Rashed Mohassal, M. Nasiri Mahallati, and M. Rastgo. Evaluation of mixing effects of Foramsulfuran and Nicosulfuron herbicides with 2,4-D+ MCPA. Journal of Plant Protection. 28(1): 66-78. (In Persian)
Schwining, S., B.I. Starr, and J.R. Ehleringer. 2005. Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part Ι: effects on soil water and plant water uptake. Journal of Arid Environments. 60: 547-566.
Shimi, P., A. Haghighi, Y. Abtali, R. Pourazar, M. Jamali, and M. Nouralizadeh. 2014. The effect of mixed herbicide on weeds control of canola field (incase Brassicaceae family). Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 10: 21-31. (In Persian).
Truong, N., J.G. Gwag, Y.J. Park, and S.H. Lee. 2011. Genetic diversity of soybean pod shape based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Korean Jounal of Crop Science. 50(1): 1-8.
Vashegani Farahani, M., C. Vegan, H. Najafi, and H. Sasanfar. 2012. Survey of reduced dosage effect of Imazethapyr in various phenological stages of Glycine max on Xanthium strumarium weed. Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 18: 17-26. (In Persian)
Yousefi, A., and R. Amini. 2014. Using reduced rates of trifluralin and hand weeding in sustainable weed management of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.). Journal of Sustainable Agricultur and Production Science. 24 (2): 95-105. (In Persian)
Zarco-Tejada, P.J., J.R. Miller, G.H. Mohammad, T.L. Noland, and P.H. Sampson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence effects on vegetation apparent reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 74: 596-608.
Zhang, J., L. Zheng, O. Jack, D. Yan, Z. Zhang, R. Gerhards, and H. Ni. 2013. Efficacy of four post emergence herbicides applied at reduced doses on weeds in summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields in North China Plain. Crop Protection. 52: 26-32.
