The Impact of Contextual Clue Selection on Inference

محورهای موضوعی : language teaching

لیلا براتی ¹ , رضا بی ریا ²

1 - Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Iran.
2 - Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Iran.

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/03/31 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/03/31 تاریخ انتشار : 1389/03/01

کلید واژه: Listening comprehension, inference, Contextual Clue, Mental Knowledge,

چکیده مقاله :

Linguistic information can be conveyed in the form of speech and written text, but it is the content of the message that is ultimately essential for higher-level processes in language comprehension, such as making inferences and associations between text information and knowledge about the world. Linguistically, inference is the shovel that allows receivers to dig meaning out from the text with selecting different embedded contextual clues. Naturally, people with different world experiences infer similar contextual situations differently. Lack of contextual knowledge of the target language can present an obstacle to comprehension (Anderson & Lynch, 2003). This paper tries to investigate how true contextual clue selection from the text can influence listener’s inference. In the present study 60 male and female teenagers (13-19) and 60 male and female young adults (20-26) were selected randomly based on Oxford Placement Test (OPT). During the study two fiction and two non-fiction passages were read to the participants in the experimental and control groups respectively and they were given scores according to Lexile’s Score (LS)[1] based on their correct inference and logical thinking ability. In general the results show that participants’ clue selection based on their personal schematic references and background knowledge differ between teenagers and young adults and influence inference and listening comprehension. [1]- This is a framework for reading and listening which matches the appropriate score to each text based on degree of difficulty of text and each text was given a Lexile score from zero to four.

چکیده انگلیسی:

اطلاعات زبانی معمولا به شکل گفتاری و نوشتاری به مخاطب انتقال میابند اما آنچه در این رابطه حائز اهمیت است  پیامی است که در دل این متن نهفته است. در این رابطه از یک طرف گوینده میبایست طوری این متن را هدایت کند که مطلب برای شنونده قابل درک باشد و از طرف دیگر شنونده نیز بایستی بتواند بر مبنای عوامل گرامری٬ متنی٬ ذهنی و تجارب خود از جهان بیرون دست به استنتاج زده و به درست ترین و نزدیک ترین درکی که به منظور گوینده متن میباشد برسد تا نتیجه این رابطه گفتاری یا شنیداری قابل قبول واقع شود. این مطالعه قصد دارد به بررسی این عوامل و علت بروز چنین استنتاجهای متفاوت در میان دو گروه سنی نوجوان و جوان بپردازد. افراد مورد مطالعه در این بررسی ٦٠ نوجوان و٦٠ جوان دختر و پسر فارسی زبانی هستند که در حال یادگیری زبان انگلیسی بودند. در این مطالعه جهت بررسی نحوه استنتاج افراد دو متن داستانی و دو متن غیر داستانی برای افراد خوانده شد و پس از پرسیدن سوالاتی اسنتتاج افراد به طور دقیق ضبط گردید.از دیدگاه زبانشناسی استنتاج همانند ابزاری است که به شنونده یا مخاطب متن کمک میکند تا بتواند درس ترین معنا را از دل کلمات بیرون بکشد. بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه گروههای سنی متفاوت و جنسیتهای متفاوت بر اساس تجارب بیرونی و درونی خود و با استفاده از برخی نشانه های آوائی و بافتی متن از گفتار گوینده استنتاجهای متفاوتی دارند که بررسیهای آماری این مطالعه با تحلیل این داده ها به این نتیجه دست یافته است که نحوه انتخاب نشانه- های بافتی متن٬ جنسیت  و سن افراد٬ تغییرات آهنگ کلام و نوع متن میتوانند نحوه استنتاج را تحت تائثیر قرار دهند و بر یادگیری افراد چه در زبان مادری خود(فارسی) و چه در زبان دوم (انگلیسی) تاثیر چشمگیری دارند.

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