سرقفلی، حق کسب و پیشه و جایگاه آن در مبحث وقف
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خصوصی
زهرا ال اسحق خوئینی
1
(استادیار فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه الزهراء سلام الله علیها، تهران، ایران)
مریم مهدی پور خردمردی
2
(دانشجوی دکترا حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.)
زهرا سادات میرهاشمی
3
(استادیار گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: تعارض, وقف, حق سرقفلی, حق کسب و پیشه یا تجارت, مستاجر,
چکیده مقاله :
حق سرقفلی و حق کسب و پیشه هر دو از حقوق مکتبسه هستند و در عین حال که شباهاتی با هم دارند با یکدیگر متفاوتند. سرقفلی وجهی است که مالک در ابتدای اجاره و جدای از مال‌الاجاره از مستأجر می‌گیرد تا محل را به وی اجاره داده و واگذار کند اما حق کسب یا تجارت یا پیشه حقی است که در اثر رونق اقتصادی ایجاد شده در محل و در اثر فعالیت مستأجر به وجود می‌آید. در پاره ای موارد وقف املاک تجاری، بین دو حق مذکور و حقوق وقف، تعارض ایجاد می شود که در عمل مبتنابه بسیاری دارد. اگر ملک تجاری با حق سرقفلی اجاره داده شود و یا حق کسب و پیشه به آن تعلق بگیرد، با گذر زمان، عملاً منافعی وجود نخواهد داشت تا جهت اهداف وقف، هزینه گردد. از سویی قوانین هم حق سرقفلی و هم حق کسب و پیشه را ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. بر این اساس در صورت توقف اجاره یا فروش مال موقوفه یا تغییر کاربری یا هر اقدامی که موجب از بین رفتن مفاد قرارداد اولیه شود، اگر مستأجر از مقررات قانون و قرارداد اولیه تخلف نکرده باشد، ﺣﻖ ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﮑﺘﺴﺒﻪ وجود ندارد. اما در صورتی که تخلف مستاجر احراز شود، یا اینکه مستاجر در مدت اجاره مورد اجاره را تعطیل کرده باشد، حق کسب و پیشه نخواهد داشت، زیرا اساساً ابتدا حقی برای مستاجر ایجاد نشده تا محل مذکور واجد شرایط لازم امتیازات مربوط به اماکن تجاری باشد. در مورد حقوق موقوفه، قوانین و اجماع نظر فقها نشان می‌دهد دو راه‌حل در شرایط فوق وجود دارد: 1- تغییر کاربری و احیای موقوفه، 2- پایان وقف.
The right of goodwill and the right of business and occupation are both of the accrued rights, and while they have similarities, they are different from each other. Goodwill is an amount that the owner takes from the tenant at the beginning of the lease, apart from the leased property, in order to rent and transfer the place to him, but the right to earn or trade or profession is a right that is created as a result of economic prosperity in the place and due to the activity of the tenant. comes. In some cases of endowment of commercial properties, there is a conflict between the two mentioned rights and endowment rights, which has many consequences in practice. If the commercial property is leased with the right of goodwill or the right of occupation is assigned to it, with the passage of time, there will be practically no benefits to spend for the purpose of endowment. On the other hand, the laws have recognized both the right of goodwill and the right of business and profession. Based on this, in case of stopping the lease or selling the endowment property or changing its use or any action that causes the loss of the provisions of the original contract, if the tenant has not violated the provisions of the law and the original contract, there is no right to ignore these acquired rights. However, if the tenant's violation is confirmed, or if the tenant has closed the leased property during the lease period, he will not have the right to trade, because basically, the tenant has no right to qualify for the privileges of commercial premises. Regarding the endowment rights, the laws and consensus of jurists show that there are two solutions in the above conditions: 1- Changing the use and revitalizing the endowment, 2- Ending the endowment.
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