بررسی تطبیقی مبانی و تأثیر ایمان بر اعتبار شهادت در دیدگاه مذاهب خمسه
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خصوصیعلی خالقی 1 , داود سیفی 2 , قاسم اسلامی نیا 3
1 - دانشیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و شناسی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
کلید واژه: ایمان, فقه امامیه, شهادت, شاهد, اهل سنت,
چکیده مقاله :
شهادت به‌عنوان یکی از قدیمی‌ترین ادله اثبات دعاوی کیفری و حقوقی در عصر تجهیز بشر به شیوه‌های مدرن کشف واقعیت، در غالب نظام‌های حقوقی، هنوز اهمیت بی‌بدیل خود را از دست نداده است. راز این امر در شرایط متعدد و بعضاً پیچیده‌ای است که نظام‌های دادرسی کیفری و خصوصاً اسلام برای شاهد پیش‌بینی کرده است. یکی از شرایط مزبورکه تفسیرهای متنوعی را در بین فرق اسلامی برانگیخته، ایمان است. با فرض اجتماع سایر شرایط شهادت، مفهوم ایمان و تأثیر آن بر شهادت از دیدگاه دو فرقه بزرگ اسلامی، کیفیت مواجهه نظام قضایی ایران و سایر کشورهای اسلامی با شهودی را که دارای مذهبی متفاوت و یا مشابه با مشهود علیهم هستند، مشخص می‌سازد. با تدقیق در مبانی و مستندات اهل سنت و امامیه چنین برمی‌آید که در مفهوم عام ایمان و رد شهادت غیرذمی و اهل کتاب، تفاوت‌هایی میان مذاهب وجود دارد. مذاهب حنفی و حنبلی شهادت اهل ذمی در بین خودشان را مطلقاً می‌پذیرند ولی سایرمذاهب تنها در وصیت به جواز شهادت اهل کتاب حکم داده‌اند؛ لذا عمده تهافت آرا در پذیرش شهادت غیر مومن است. در این راستا، حنبلی و مالکی با تعریف خاص خود از ایمان، بر رد مطلق شهادت شیعه نظر داده‌اند؛ اما در مقابل مذهب حنفی و شافعی، دیدگاه ملایم‌تری را اتخاذ نموده‌اند. در میان فقهای امامیه نیز برخلاف متقدمین که حکم بر رد مطلق شهادت اهل تسنن داده‌اند، فقهای معاصر بین مستضعف فکری و جاهل مقصر تمیز قائل شده و مبانی و ادله نظریه رد را موردنقد جدی قرار داده‌اند که چنین نظریه‌ی با ملاک و معیار اساسی پذیرش شهادت یعنی قابلیت کشف حقیقت و درجه راست‌گویی در نظام‌های حقوقی، انطباق بیشتری دارد. این نوشتار با تبیین تعاریف و ویژگی‌های مختلف ایمان در پرتو تأملات فقهی شیعه و سنی، درصدد کشف دیدگاه فریقین نسبت به پذیرش یا عدم پذیرش شهادت در آن دسته از دعاوی است که بین شاهد و مشهود علیهم ازنظر گرایش دینی و یا مذهبی، تفاوت و ناهمسانی وجود دارد.
Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justice systems, and especially Islam, have seen as necessary. One of these complex circumstances, which has various interpretations of the difference between Islam and Shi'a and Sunni faith. Assuming the other conditions of testimony, the concept of faith and its effect on the acceptance of witness testimony from the viewpoint of the two great Islamic sects, determines the quality of the encounters of the judicial system of Iran and other Islamic countries with intuitions that have a different religious or similar to the apparent opposition. A closer look at the Sunni and Shiite principles and documents reveals that there are differences between religions in the concept of faith and the rejection of the martyrdom of infidels and Christians. The Hanafi and Hanbali religions absolutely accept Christian and Jewish martyrdom among themselves, but other religions have only permitted the martyrdom of the People of the Book in their wills; Therefore, the main difference of opinion is in accepting the testimony of a Shiite. In this regard, Hanbali and Maliki, with their own definition of faith, have commented on the absolute rejection of Shiite martyrdom; But in contrast to the Hanafi and Shafi'i religions, they have taken a milder view. Among the Imami jurists, unlike the old jurists who categorically reject the martyrdom of the Sunnis, contemporary jurists consider the martyrdom of a Sunni to be valid; That such a theory is more in line with the basic criterion for accepting testimony, namely the ability to discover the truth and the degree of truthfulness in legal systems. This paper attempts to discover the Persian point of view of acceptance or rejection of martyrdom in those claims that exist between witnesses in terms of religious orientation.
قران کریم
_||_
Holy Quran.
Al-Ma'afari, M.A (2007).Al- Masalek. Beirut : Arabic Publications.
Al-Mawardi .A.H.(1998). Al-Hawi. Cairo: House of Scientific Books.
Ardabili, A. (1995). Majma’ al-Faydah. Qom: Islamic publishing.
Asqalani, A.A (1995). Summarizing the lover in the graduation of hadiths. Egypt: Scientific Book House.
Azhari, S.A. (no date). The result of knowledge in the approximation of meanings (Maliki jurisprudence). Beirut: Cultural Library.
Ba'ali Damascus, A.H. (2010). Jurisprudential authority for Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah. Damascus: Dar al-Asimah.
Bahouti Hanbali, M.Y.(1997). Kashaf Al-Qinaa. Beirut: Scientific Books House.
Bahouti Mansur ,Y. (no date).Explanation of Muntaha Al Iradat. Beirut: The world of Books.
Bayhaqi (no date). Sunan. Beirut: House of Thought Publications.
Bayhaqi, H.H (1989). The people of faith. Beirut: Scientific Book House.
Dardir, A.B. (1987). A great explanation (Maaliki jurisprudence). Beirut: The House of Reviving Arabic Books.
Dehkhoda, A. A(2006). Dictionary of Dehkhoda. Tehran: The publications of the university of Tehran.
Desouki, SH.D. (1999). Desouki's footnote on the great explanation (Maliky jurisprudence). Beirut: Arab Book House.
Golpayegani, M.R . (1984). Book of Martyrs. Qom, Seyed Al-Shohada Printing House.
Hakkakian, S. (1999). Tahelim (Psalms). Tehran: Kalimian Publications.
Hanbali Abu Ishaq,B. (2000). al-mobdeh.Cairo: Islamic Bureau.-
Hasfaki, M.A. (1994). Dar Al-Mukhtar Sharh Tanweer Al-Absar (Hanafi jurisprudence). Beirut: House of Thought Publications.
Helli, H. (1997). Various Shiites. Qom: Islamic publishing.
Helli, H. (1998). Rules of provisions. Qom: Islamic Publishing.
Helli, H. (2001). Edit provisions. Qom: Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) Foundation.
Helli, H. (no date). Tadhkira Al-Fuqaha. Tehran: Mortazavia Publications.
Helli, I. I. (2008). Al-saraer. Najaf: Najaf Publication.
Helli, J. (2016). The laws of Islam. Tehran: House of Islamic Books.
Hosseini Wasti Zubeidi, M.M (1993). Taj Al-Arous. Beirut: House of Thought Publications.
Hurr Amili, M.H. (1982). Wasa’il al-Shi’ah. Beirut: Islamic publishing.
Ibn Abdeen, A. (2007). Al-Muhtar replied to Al-Dur Al-Mukhtar. Beirut: House of Knowledge.
Ibn Braj, A.A. (1985). Polite. Qom: Islamic Publishing Corporation.
Ibn Mawdud (1998). Al-Mawsili Al-Hanafi. Cairo: Goodness Publication.
Ibn Najim, H. (no date). Bahr al-Raiq. Cairo: Islamic Library.
Ibn Qudamah, A.A. (1984). Al-Mughni. Beirut: Arabic Publishing.
Ibn Qudamah, A.R. (1984). A great explanation of Ali Matn Al-Muqni'. Beirut: Arabic Publishing
Ibn, T. (1972). The book of faith. Qom: Islamic office.
Isfahani, B.D.M (Fazil Hindi) (1999). Kashfo al-lesam. Qom: Islamic Publication Institution.
Isfahani, H. (Ragheb Isfahani) (1983). Vocabulary. Tehran: Notebook Publishing.
Jabei Ameli, Z.A . (1988). Facts of faith. Qom: Ayatollah Marashi library .
Jabei Ameli, Z.A .(2009).Sharh Al-Lama'a 5. Qom: Science Publications.
Jabei Ameli, Z.A. (1998). Meted of understanding. Qom: Islamic Publication.
Jafari Langroudi, M.J. (1998). Terminology law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh.
Kamal al-Din bin, A. W. (no date). Fatah al-Qadir. Beirut: House Thought .
Karimi, A. (2007). Proof of litigation. Tehran: Mizan Publication.
Kashani Hanafi, A.M.(1988). Innovations of industry. Pakistan: Habibiya School.
Katozian, N. (2004). Proof and reason of proof. Tehran: Mizan Publication.
Khomeini, R. (1997). The book of purification (print - Old). Qom: Hekmat.
Khomeini, R. (2012). Tahrir Al-Wasilah. Qom:Science House.
Khoyi, A.Q. (2001).Buildings to supplement the curriculum. Qom:, Institute for the Revival of the Monuments of Ayatollah Khoei.
Koleini, M.Y. (1988). Al-Kafi. Qom. Islamic Publications.
Majlisi, M.B.(1982). bahar al- anvar. Beirut: Al-Wafa Institute.
Makarem, N. (2003) Sample Interpretation. Tehran: Islamic Library.
Makarem, N. (2006) New referendums. Qom: School of Imam Ali (AS).
Maki Ameli, SH (1990).lomeh al- dameshgieh. Qom: hose thought Publications.
Maki Ameli, SH.M . (1996). Sharia courses. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Mardawi ,A. S.(no date). Al-InsafBeirut: Arabic house book pub.
Maruzi, M.N.(1985). Difference of scholars. Beirut: no pub.
Masri, J.D.M. (1984)arab dictionary. Qom: Publication of Seminary Literature.
Moin, M. (2010). Moein dictionary. Tehran: Culture Publications.
Moradkhani, A. (2018). Conditions of witnesses in the jurisprudence of the two parties (according to the law). Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Research, 12 (43), 145-164.
Morvarid, A.A.(1992) Yanabi al-Fiqhiyyah. Beirut: Ahl al-Bayt Fiqh Institute.
Muhammad Ibn Ahmad, I.M. (Alish) (1988).manh al- Jalil, Cairo: : house thought publications.
Murshid Ballah, Y.H.(1982).Amali, Beirut: No pub.
Najafi, M. H. (1988). Jawahar al -Kalam. Tehran: Islamic Library.
Najafi, M.H. (1995). One hundred hadiths about the believer. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Naraqi, A. (1998). Shiite documentary on the rules of Sharia. Qom: Al-Bayt Institute (AS).
Neyshabouri Abi Bakr,M.I(2004).Ashrafe al-mazaheb Al- Olama. Beirut: House Thought .
Neyshabouri, M. (no date). Sahiiyeh Moslem. Beirut: House Thought.
Nobahar, R. (2005). A study of the jurisprudential rule of the sanctity of hatred of religion. Journal of Legal Research, 42, 129-172.
Osmani Tahanawy,Z.A. (1997). Ala’ Al-Sunan. Pakistan: Office of Islamic Sciences.
Qaraati, M. (2009). Interpretation of light. Tehran: Cultural Center for Lessons from the Quran.
Ramli Masri, S. (1991). The end of the needy explanation of the curriculum. Beirut: Dar Al-Tharath Arabic.
Rouhani, M.S. (1993). Jurisprudence of al-Sadiq. Qom: Book House Institution.
Sabky, A.W. (2005). Tabqat al-Shafi'i al-Kubra. Cairo: House of Thought.
Sadouq, M.A. (1983). Who does not attend the faqih. Qom: Islamic publications.
Sadrzadeh Afshar, M. (2000). Evidence of proof. Tehran: academic Publishing.
Sarakhasi, Sh.(1986). Al-Mabsout (Hanafi jurisprudence. Beirut: House of Knowledge.
Sherbini Khatib, M. (1957). Mughni al-Muhtaaj (Shafi’i jurisprudence). Beirut: Arab Heritage.
Sijistani, S. (1989). Sunan Abu Davood. Beirut: House of Thought.
Sobhani Tabrizi, J (1997). Judicial system of testimony in Islamic law. Qom: Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him).
Tabarsi, F.H. (1995). Al Bayan. Beirut: Science Institute for Publications.
Tabatabai, A (2001). Riyadh al-masael. Qom: Islamic Publishing.
Tahawi, A.M.(1971). The difference of jurists. Islamabad: Islamabad Publication.
Toori Al-Qadri Al-Hanafi, M.H (1997). Supplemented by Bahr Al-Raegh. Beirut: Publications of Muhammad Ali Beydoun .
Tousi, J.M. (1972). The cheerful. Tehran: Mortazavi Publications
Tousi, J.M. (1999). Al-Khalif. Qom: Islamic Publishing Corporation.
Tousi, J.M.(1991). The end is in mere jurisprudence and fatwas. Qom: Quds Spreads.
Zara'at, A.,& Hajizadeh, H. (2010). Evidence of law. Kashan: Publication of Orbited Law.
