بررسی اثر سرمایه انسانی و بهره‌وری نیروی کار بر مصرف انرژی در بخش های مختلف اقتصاد ایران
محورهای موضوعی : اقتصادمنیره دیزجی 1 , آرش کتابفروش بدری 2
1 - عضو هیئت علمی، گروه اقتصاد، واحد تبریز،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه اقتصاد، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران
کلید واژه: سرمایه انسانی, بهره‌وری نیروی کار, داده‌های تابلویی, مصرف انرژی,
چکیده مقاله :
بررسی رفتار مصرف انرژی در بخش های مختلف اقتصاد، گامی اساسی و مهم برای برنامه ریزی و مدیریت مصرف انرژی است. با توجه به این که ایران دارای منابع غنی و گستردۀ انرژی، مخازن بزرگ نفتی و گاز طبیعی، معادن عظیم زیرزمینی و پتانسیل بالقوۀ انرژی است، تعیین عوامل موثر بر مصرف انرژی می تواند در تبیین سیاست های بخش انرژی، کمک مؤثری کند. به همین منظور این مطالعه به بررسی آثار سرمایه انسانی و بهره وری نیروی کار بر مصرف انرژی در بخش های کشاورزی، صنعت و خدمات ایران با بهره گیری از روش داده های تابلویی در بازۀ زمانی 1375 تا 1395 پرداخته است. نتایج بررسی ها نشان داد که سرمایه انسانی، بهره وری نیروی کار، اثر تقاطعی سرمایه انسانی در بهره وری نیروی کار و مجذور ارزش افزوده بخش های اقتصادی دارای تاثیر منفی و ارزش افزوده تاثیر مثبت بر مصرف انرژی در بازۀ زمانی مورد بررسی داشته اند. به طوری که بر اساس نتایج تخمین مدل، آثار متقابل متغیرهای سرمایه انسانی و بهره وری نیروی کار در بخش های اقتصادی تأثیر منفی و معنی‌دار در سطح بحرانی یک درصد بر مصرف انرژی داشته است که این ضریب تلویحا‍ً این واقعیت را بیان می‌دارد که با افزایش سرمایه انسانی و لذا بهبود بهره وری نیروی کار، مسیر صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی هموار می گردد. همچنین ضرایب برآورد شده برای متغیرهای ارزش افزوده و مجذور ارزش افزوده فعالیت های اقتصادی، بیان کننده یک رابطه به شکل U معکوس ما بین ارزش افزوده بخش های اقتصاد و مصرف انرژی می باشد.
Scrutiny of energy consumption behavioural patterns in various economic sectors represent an essential step in energy consumption planning and management. Delineation of determinants of energy demand is highly significant in Iran which is a country with rich energy resources, abundant oil and gas supplies, heavy minerals and potential resources. Therefore, using Panel Data Methods, this study explored the effects of urbanization and human capital on energy consumption in Iranian agriculture, industry and services sectors over a 17-year period between 1996 and 2016. The results showed that human capital, workforce productivity, interactive effect of human capital on workforce productivity and the squared value of economic sectors had negative effects while the added value had positive impacts on energy consumption during the specified period. The results of the analyses indicated that human capital and workforce productivity in economic sectors had negative significant interactive effects on energy consumption at the critical value of .01 implying that an increase in human capital and corresponding workforce enhancement will facilitate economizing on energy consumption. Moreover, the estimated coefficients of added value and squared added value of economic activities revealed an inverse U-shaped relationship between added values of economic sectors and energy consumption.
Aghayi, M., Rezagholozadeh, M. (2015), Energy Consumption and Value Added Growth in Different Sectors of Iran's Economy: Co-integration Approach and Panel Error Correction. Journal of Economic and Regional Development, 22(9), 31-67, (In Persian).
Alaali, F., Roberts, J., & Taylor, K. (2015), The Effect of Energy Consumption and Human Capital on Economic Growth: An Exploration of Oil Exporting and Developed Countries. Sheffield Economics Research Papers Series, 1-23.
Alavi Raad, A., & Kanour, R. (2014), Effect of Energy Efficiency on Value Added of Agricultural, Industrial and Service Economies in Iran: An Analysis Based on the Co-Panel Panel Approach. Agricultural Economics Research, 6(3), 1-19.
Ali, H. S., Law, S. H., Yusop, Z., & Chin, L. (2016), Dynamic Implication of Biomass Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. Geo Journal, 16, 1-10.
Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Bakhtyar, B., & Emirullah, C. (2015), The Causal Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the ASEAN-5 Countries. Energy Reviews, 47, 732-745.
Azar, M., & Kaveh, K. (2015), Evaluating the Importance of Human Resources Investment in the Productivity of Employees in Companies. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 211-213, (In Persian).
Bashir, A., Thamrin, K.M., Farhan, M., Mukhlis, T. & Pratama, D. (2018),The Causality between Human Capital, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(2), 98-104.
Becker, G. S. (2002), The Age of Human Capital. Education in the Twenty-First Century.
Burud, S., & Tumolo, M. (2004), Leveraging the New Human Capital: Adaptive Strategies, Results Achieved, and Stories of Transformation. CA: Davies-Black Publishing.
Bhattacharyaa, M., Reddy Paramatib, S., Ozturkc, I., & Bhattacharyad, S. (2016), The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Top 38 Countries. Applied Energy, 162(15), 733-741.
Delangizan, S., Rezaee, E. & Baharipour, S. (2016), The Effect of Industrial Structure on Energy Consumption in Industrial and Industrial Industries, Policy Studies and Energy Planning, 2(3), 133-168,(In Persian).
Farhadi, A., & Bastani, A. (2005), Investigating the Degree of Openness of the Economy and the Growth of Productivity in Selected Countries, Including Iran, with Emphasis on the Law of the Fourth Plan. First National Conference on Productivity and Development, (In Persian).
Fotros, M., & Torkamani, E. (2014), Energy Consumption, Electricity Consumption and Human Development in Iran. Journal of Applied Economic Studies, 3(10), 127-144, (In Persian).
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. S. (2007), Principles of Microeconomics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin.
Hickman, D. C., & Olney, W.W. (2011), Globalization and Investment in Human Capital. ILRREVIEW, 64(4).
Lin, B., & Moubarak, M. (2014), Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus for China. Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
Jahanghard, E., & Shishvani, M.(2014), Investigating the Direct and Indirect Impact of Human Capital on the Growth of Iran's Economic Activities. Journal of Applied Economics, 4, 37-48, (In Persian).
Iranzadeh, S., Alsadat Mesbahi, N., Shokri, R., & Ebrahimi, A. (2016), A Study of the Relation between Organizational Agility Dimensions and the Productivity of Dana Insurance Company Employees in East Azarbaijan Province. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(38), 146-117, (In Persian).
Iranzadeh, S., & Pakdel, M. (2014), Investigating the Role of Knowledge Management Implementation in Labor Productivity in Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(28), 51-74, (In Persian).
Jones, B. F. (2014), The Human Capital Stock: A Generalized Approach. American Economic Review, 1-23.
Jung, J., & Mercenier, J. (2008), A Simple Model of Offshore Outsourcing, Technology Upgrading and Welfare, THEMA Working Paper.
Leslie, A. W. (2004), Performemce Management,getting It Right from Start, SHRM Research Quartely.
Lucas, R. (2015), Human Capital and Growth. American economic Review, 105(5), 85-88.
Matthew, O.A., Ede, C.U., Osabohien, R., Ejemeyovwi, J., Fasina, F.F. & Akinpelumi, D. (2018), Electricity Consumption and Human Capital Development in Nigeria: Exploring the Implications for Economic Growth, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 8-15.
Naji Meydani, A., Mahdi Adeli, M., & Arabshahi Deloyi, M. (2015), Investigating the Relationship Between Industrialization and Energy Efficiency in the Industrial Sector in Iran. Journal of Economic Policy, 7(13), 27-56, (In Persian).
Pourebadolahn, M., Asgharpour, H., Fallahi, F., & Abdi, H. (2012), The Effect of Human Capital on the Export of Industrial Goods in Iran. Journal of Monetary and Financial Economics, 19(3), 189-216, (In Persian).
Ronning, A., & Kearney, M. L. (1998), Graduate Prospects in a Changing Society. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Schultz, T. W. (1971), Investment in Human Capital. New York. The Free Publishing.
Stern, D. I., & Celeveland C. J. (2004), Energy and Economic Growth. Rensselaer Working Papers, 0410.
Zanynodini, M. (2014), The Study of the Effect of Quality of Working Life on Human Resource Efficiency of State Banks of Fars Province, Articles of the International Conference on Humanities and Behavioral Studies.
_||_Aghayi, M., Rezagholozadeh, M. (2015), Energy Consumption and Value Added Growth in Different Sectors of Iran's Economy: Co-integration Approach and Panel Error Correction. Journal of Economic and Regional Development, 22(9), 31-67, (In Persian).
Alaali, F., Roberts, J., & Taylor, K. (2015), The Effect of Energy Consumption and Human Capital on Economic Growth: An Exploration of Oil Exporting and Developed Countries. Sheffield Economics Research Papers Series, 1-23.
Alavi Raad, A., & Kanour, R. (2014), Effect of Energy Efficiency on Value Added of Agricultural, Industrial and Service Economies in Iran: An Analysis Based on the Co-Panel Panel Approach. Agricultural Economics Research, 6(3), 1-19.
Ali, H. S., Law, S. H., Yusop, Z., & Chin, L. (2016), Dynamic Implication of Biomass Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. Geo Journal, 16, 1-10.
Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Bakhtyar, B., & Emirullah, C. (2015), The Causal Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the ASEAN-5 Countries. Energy Reviews, 47, 732-745.
Azar, M., & Kaveh, K. (2015), Evaluating the Importance of Human Resources Investment in the Productivity of Employees in Companies. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 211-213, (In Persian).
Bashir, A., Thamrin, K.M., Farhan, M., Mukhlis, T. & Pratama, D. (2018),The Causality between Human Capital, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(2), 98-104.
Becker, G. S. (2002), The Age of Human Capital. Education in the Twenty-First Century.
Burud, S., & Tumolo, M. (2004), Leveraging the New Human Capital: Adaptive Strategies, Results Achieved, and Stories of Transformation. CA: Davies-Black Publishing.
Bhattacharyaa, M., Reddy Paramatib, S., Ozturkc, I., & Bhattacharyad, S. (2016), The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Top 38 Countries. Applied Energy, 162(15), 733-741.
Delangizan, S., Rezaee, E. & Baharipour, S. (2016), The Effect of Industrial Structure on Energy Consumption in Industrial and Industrial Industries, Policy Studies and Energy Planning, 2(3), 133-168,(In Persian).
Farhadi, A., & Bastani, A. (2005), Investigating the Degree of Openness of the Economy and the Growth of Productivity in Selected Countries, Including Iran, with Emphasis on the Law of the Fourth Plan. First National Conference on Productivity and Development, (In Persian).
Fotros, M., & Torkamani, E. (2014), Energy Consumption, Electricity Consumption and Human Development in Iran. Journal of Applied Economic Studies, 3(10), 127-144, (In Persian).
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. S. (2007), Principles of Microeconomics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin.
Hickman, D. C., & Olney, W.W. (2011), Globalization and Investment in Human Capital. ILRREVIEW, 64(4).
Lin, B., & Moubarak, M. (2014), Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus for China. Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
Jahanghard, E., & Shishvani, M.(2014), Investigating the Direct and Indirect Impact of Human Capital on the Growth of Iran's Economic Activities. Journal of Applied Economics, 4, 37-48, (In Persian).
Iranzadeh, S., Alsadat Mesbahi, N., Shokri, R., & Ebrahimi, A. (2016), A Study of the Relation between Organizational Agility Dimensions and the Productivity of Dana Insurance Company Employees in East Azarbaijan Province. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(38), 146-117, (In Persian).
Iranzadeh, S., & Pakdel, M. (2014), Investigating the Role of Knowledge Management Implementation in Labor Productivity in Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(28), 51-74, (In Persian).
Jones, B. F. (2014), The Human Capital Stock: A Generalized Approach. American Economic Review, 1-23.
Jung, J., & Mercenier, J. (2008), A Simple Model of Offshore Outsourcing, Technology Upgrading and Welfare, THEMA Working Paper.
Leslie, A. W. (2004), Performemce Management,getting It Right from Start, SHRM Research Quartely.
Lucas, R. (2015), Human Capital and Growth. American economic Review, 105(5), 85-88.
Matthew, O.A., Ede, C.U., Osabohien, R., Ejemeyovwi, J., Fasina, F.F. & Akinpelumi, D. (2018), Electricity Consumption and Human Capital Development in Nigeria: Exploring the Implications for Economic Growth, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 8-15.
Naji Meydani, A., Mahdi Adeli, M., & Arabshahi Deloyi, M. (2015), Investigating the Relationship Between Industrialization and Energy Efficiency in the Industrial Sector in Iran. Journal of Economic Policy, 7(13), 27-56, (In Persian).
Pourebadolahn, M., Asgharpour, H., Fallahi, F., & Abdi, H. (2012), The Effect of Human Capital on the Export of Industrial Goods in Iran. Journal of Monetary and Financial Economics, 19(3), 189-216, (In Persian).
Ronning, A., & Kearney, M. L. (1998), Graduate Prospects in a Changing Society. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Schultz, T. W. (1971), Investment in Human Capital. New York. The Free Publishing.
Stern, D. I., & Celeveland C. J. (2004), Energy and Economic Growth. Rensselaer Working Papers, 0410.
Zanynodini, M. (2014), The Study of the Effect of Quality of Working Life on Human Resource Efficiency of State Banks of Fars Province, Articles of the International Conference on Humanities and Behavioral Studies.
