بهینه‌سازی اعوجاج هارمونیکی کل ولتاژ و جریان در اینورترهای چند-سطحی آبشاری با استفاده از برنامه‌ریزی درجه دوم تکراری
محورهای موضوعی : انرژی های تجدیدپذیر
مهدی محمدزمانی
1
(دانشکده مهندسی برق- واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران)
مجید معظمی
2
(مرکز تحقیقات ریز شبکه های هوشمند- واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران)
ایمان صادق خانی
3
(دانشکده مهندسی برق- واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران)
کلید واژه: مدولاسیون پله, اینورتر چند-سطحی, برنامه‌ریزی درجه‌دوم تکراری, هارمونیک‌های توزیع‌‌شده,
چکیده مقاله :
با توجه به تلفات کلیدزنی و هارمونیک‌هایی که در کلیدزنی وجود دارد، در کاربردهای توان متوسط و توان بالا، باید فرکانس کلیدزنی کلیدها پایین باشد و از طرفی اعوجاج هارمونیکی کل (THD) ولتاژ و جریان نیز مطابق استانداردهای معتبر در کمترین مقدار ممکن قرار گیرد. به همین دلیل امکان استفاده از روش‌های رایج مدولاسیون پهنای پالس (PWM) سینوسی مبتنی بر موج حامل یا PWM بردار فضایی که دارای فرکانس کلیدزنی بالایی هستند، وجود ندارد. روش‌های مدولاسیون پهنای باند بهینه PWM ، برای اینورترهایی که از مدولاسیون پله استفاده می‌کنند منجر بهTHD ولتاژ خروجی کمتری نسبت به دیگر روش‌های رایج مدولاسیون می‌شوند. اما یکی از معایب بسیار مهم این روش‌ها محاسبه زاویه‌های کلیدزنی بهینه است که بایستی در جدول سوئیچینگ به دنبال آنها گشت که این امر‌کاربرد PWM بهینه را محدود می‌نماید. در این مقاله راهکاری ارائه شده است که زاویه‌های کلیدزنی با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی درجه‌دوم تکراری که یکی از روش‌های کاربردی برای حل تکراری مسایل بهینه‌سازی با قیود غیر‌خطی می‌باشد بدست می‌آید و در مقایسه با روش‌های برنامه‌ریزی درجه‌دوم تکراری موجود، در هر تکرار زاویه‌های کلیدزنی را با حل زیر مسئله‌های درجه‌دوم با قیود تساوی و دستگاه‌های معادلات خطی می‌یابد. و همچنین تحت شرایط مناسب، همگرایی سراسری و همگرایی مجانبی دارای سرعت، دقت و کارایی بیشتری می‌باشد و نیاز به زمان و حافظه زیاد برای بدست آوردن زاویه‌های کلیدزنی نیست. همچنین THD ولتاژ و جریان در یک اینورتر چند-سطحی آبشاری سه‌فاز با مدولاسیون پله حداقل می‌شود. زاویه‌های کلیدزنی مطلوب منجر به حداقل شدن فرکانس کلیدزنی، تلفات کلیدزنی و THD ولتاژ و جریان خواهند شد. همچنین کلیدهای قدرت در هر دوره تناوب، تنها یک بار قطع و وصل می‌شوند. کارآیی راهکار پیشنهادی از طریق مطالعات شبیه‌سازی در نرم افزار متلب ارزیابی می‌شوند.
The multilevel cascade inverter is one of the most widely used power-electronics based interfaces in electrical distribution systems. Due to high losses and harmonics, the switching frequency of the inverter should be low in medium and high power applications. For this reason, the conventional carrier wave-based sinusoidal pulse modulation (PWM) and space vector PWM that have high switching frequencies cannot be used in these applications. The optimal PWM methods for inverters with step modulation result in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in output voltage than other common modulation methods. However, one of the major disadvantages of these methods is that the optimal switching angles should be determined using the switching table, limiting the application of the optimal PWM. This paper proposes a method for determination of switching angles by using the iterative quadratic programming method. In each iteration, the proposed method calculates the switching angles by solving the quadratic sub equations with equality constraints and linear equations. Also in the appropriate conditions, global and asymmetric convergences are faster, more accurate, and more efficient, and there is no need for much time and memory for switching angles determination. The optimum switching angles minimize the switching frequency, switching losses, and THD in voltage and current of a three-phase cascade multilevel inverter with step modulation. Also, the power circuit breakers are switched on and off only once in each period. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation case studies in MATLAB environment.
[1] J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, Bin Wu, J.O. Pontt, S. Kouro, ”Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2930–2945, Dec. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2007.907044).
[2] G. Buticchi, D. Barater, E. Lorenzani, C. Concari, G. Franceschini, ”A nine-level grid-connected converter topology for single-phase transformerless PV systems”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 3951–3960, Aug. 2014 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2286562).
[3] A. Mora, P. Lezana, J. Juliet, ”Control scheme for an induction motor fed by a cascaded multicell converter under internal fault”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 5948–5955, Nov. 2014 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2014.2308143).
[4] K. Koishybay, Y. L. Familiant, A. Ruderman, ”Minimization of voltage and current total harmonic distortion for a single-phase multilevel inverter staircase modulation”, Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPE-ECCE, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1999-2009, May 2015 (doi: 10.1109/ICPE.2015.7167933).
[5] A. Villalón, M. Rivera, Y. Salgueiro, J. Muñoz, T. Dragiˇcevi ́c, F. Blaabjerg, “Predictive control for microgridapplications: A review study”, Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, Article ID: 2454, May 2020 (doi: 10.3390/en13102454)
[6] X. Xu, Y. Zou, K. Ding, F. Liu, H.P. Vemuganti, D. Sreenivasarao, G.S. Kumar, “Improved pulse-width modulation scheme for T-type multilevel inverter”, IET Power Electronnics, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 968-976, 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0729).
[7] J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, P. Correa, P. Cortes, C. Silva, “A new modulation method to reduce common-mode voltages in multilevel inverters”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronnics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 834–839, Aug. 2004 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2004.831735).
[8] V. Sonti, S. Jain, S. Bhattacharya, “Analysis of modulation strategy for the minimization of leakage current in the PV grid connected cascaded multi-level inverter”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electornics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1156–1169, Feb. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2550206).
[9] A. Hota, S. Jain, S. Member “An optimized three-phase multilevel inverter topology with separate level and phase sequence generation part”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 7414-7418, Oct. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2953071)
[10] J. Muñoz, F. Cadena, P. Gaisse, J. Guzmán, P. Acuña, P. Melin, J. Rohten, "A 27-level asymmetric multilevel converter for harmonic currents compensation", Proceeding of the IEEE/CPE-POWERENG, pp. 538-543, Cadiz, April 2017 )doi: 10.1109/SPEC.2017.8333621(
[11] C.A.L. Espinosa, I. Portocarrero, M. Izquierdo, ”Minimization of THD and angles calculation for multilevel inverters”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 83-86, Oct. 2012 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2017.7969298.).
[12] F.L. Luo, ”Investigation on best switching angles to obtain lowest THD for multilevel DC/AC inverters”, Proceeding of the IEEE/ICIEA, pp.1814-1818, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, June 2013 (doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2013.6566663).
[13] K. Chattopadhyay, C. Chakraborty, ”Three-phase hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter using topological modules with 1:7 ratio of asymmetry”, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2302-2314, April 2018. (doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2828100)
[14] H. Ertl, J. W. Kolar, and F. C. Zach, “A novel multicell DC-AC converter for applications in renewable energy systems”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1048–1057, Oct. 2002 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2002.803212).
[15] F. S. Kang, S.E. Cho, S.J. Park, C.U. Kim, T. Ise, “A new control scheme of a cascaded transformer type multilevel PWM inverter for a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system”, Solar Energy, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 727–738, June 2005 (doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2004.09.008).
[16] D. Hong, S. Bai, S.M. Lukic, “Closed-form expressions for minimizing total harmonic distortion in three-phase multilevel converters”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 5229–5241, Oct. 2014(doi:10.1109/TPEL.2013.2290377).
[17] N. Prabaharan, K. Palanisamy “Analysis of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter configuration with double level circuit”, IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1023-1033, Jan. 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0506).
[18] H. P. Vemuganti, D. Sreenivasarao, and G.S. Kumar, “Improved pulse-width modulation scheme for T-type multilevel inverter”, IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 968-976, 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0729).
[19] P. Hamedani, A. Shoulaie, “A comparative study of harmonic distortion in multicarrier based PWM switching techniques for cascaded H-bridge inverters”, Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1582-7445, 2016 (doi:10.4316/AECE.2016.03003).
[20] G. Haghshenas, M. Mirtalaei, H. Mordmand, G. Shahgholian, “High step-up boost-flyback converter with soft switching for photovoltaic applications”, Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2019 (doi:10.1142/S0218126619500142).
[21] N. Salehi, S.M.M. Mirtalaei, S.H. Mirenayat, "A high step-up DC–DC soft-switched converter using coupled inductor and switched capacitor", International Journal of Electronics Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1-12, June 2017 (doi:10.1080/21681724.2017.1357195).
_||_[1] J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, Bin Wu, J.O. Pontt, S. Kouro, ”Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2930–2945, Dec. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2007.907044).
[2] G. Buticchi, D. Barater, E. Lorenzani, C. Concari, G. Franceschini, ”A nine-level grid-connected converter topology for single-phase transformerless PV systems”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 3951–3960, Aug. 2014 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2286562).
[3] A. Mora, P. Lezana, J. Juliet, ”Control scheme for an induction motor fed by a cascaded multicell converter under internal fault”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 5948–5955, Nov. 2014 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2014.2308143).
[4] K. Koishybay, Y. L. Familiant, A. Ruderman, ”Minimization of voltage and current total harmonic distortion for a single-phase multilevel inverter staircase modulation”, Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPE-ECCE, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1999-2009, May 2015 (doi: 10.1109/ICPE.2015.7167933).
[5] A. Villalón, M. Rivera, Y. Salgueiro, J. Muñoz, T. Dragiˇcevi ́c, F. Blaabjerg, “Predictive control for microgridapplications: A review study”, Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, Article ID: 2454, May 2020 (doi: 10.3390/en13102454)
[6] X. Xu, Y. Zou, K. Ding, F. Liu, H.P. Vemuganti, D. Sreenivasarao, G.S. Kumar, “Improved pulse-width modulation scheme for T-type multilevel inverter”, IET Power Electronnics, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 968-976, 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0729).
[7] J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, P. Correa, P. Cortes, C. Silva, “A new modulation method to reduce common-mode voltages in multilevel inverters”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronnics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 834–839, Aug. 2004 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2004.831735).
[8] V. Sonti, S. Jain, S. Bhattacharya, “Analysis of modulation strategy for the minimization of leakage current in the PV grid connected cascaded multi-level inverter”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electornics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1156–1169, Feb. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2550206).
[9] A. Hota, S. Jain, S. Member “An optimized three-phase multilevel inverter topology with separate level and phase sequence generation part”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 7414-7418, Oct. 2017 (doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2953071)
[10] J. Muñoz, F. Cadena, P. Gaisse, J. Guzmán, P. Acuña, P. Melin, J. Rohten, "A 27-level asymmetric multilevel converter for harmonic currents compensation", Proceeding of the IEEE/CPE-POWERENG, pp. 538-543, Cadiz, April 2017 )doi: 10.1109/SPEC.2017.8333621(
[11] C.A.L. Espinosa, I. Portocarrero, M. Izquierdo, ”Minimization of THD and angles calculation for multilevel inverters”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 83-86, Oct. 2012 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2017.7969298.).
[12] F.L. Luo, ”Investigation on best switching angles to obtain lowest THD for multilevel DC/AC inverters”, Proceeding of the IEEE/ICIEA, pp.1814-1818, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, June 2013 (doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2013.6566663).
[13] K. Chattopadhyay, C. Chakraborty, ”Three-phase hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter using topological modules with 1:7 ratio of asymmetry”, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2302-2314, April 2018. (doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2828100)
[14] H. Ertl, J. W. Kolar, and F. C. Zach, “A novel multicell DC-AC converter for applications in renewable energy systems”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1048–1057, Oct. 2002 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2002.803212).
[15] F. S. Kang, S.E. Cho, S.J. Park, C.U. Kim, T. Ise, “A new control scheme of a cascaded transformer type multilevel PWM inverter for a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system”, Solar Energy, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 727–738, June 2005 (doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2004.09.008).
[16] D. Hong, S. Bai, S.M. Lukic, “Closed-form expressions for minimizing total harmonic distortion in three-phase multilevel converters”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 5229–5241, Oct. 2014(doi:10.1109/TPEL.2013.2290377).
[17] N. Prabaharan, K. Palanisamy “Analysis of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter configuration with double level circuit”, IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1023-1033, Jan. 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0506).
[18] H. P. Vemuganti, D. Sreenivasarao, and G.S. Kumar, “Improved pulse-width modulation scheme for T-type multilevel inverter”, IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 968-976, 2017 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0729).
[19] P. Hamedani, A. Shoulaie, “A comparative study of harmonic distortion in multicarrier based PWM switching techniques for cascaded H-bridge inverters”, Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1582-7445, 2016 (doi:10.4316/AECE.2016.03003).
[20] G. Haghshenas, M. Mirtalaei, H. Mordmand, G. Shahgholian, “High step-up boost-flyback converter with soft switching for photovoltaic applications”, Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2019 (doi:10.1142/S0218126619500142).
[21] N. Salehi, S.M.M. Mirtalaei, S.H. Mirenayat, "A high step-up DC–DC soft-switched converter using coupled inductor and switched capacitor", International Journal of Electronics Letters, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1-12, June 2017 (doi:10.1080/21681724.2017.1357195).
