بررسی رابطه بین بی¬تمدنی سازمانی و قصد جابه‌جایی کارکنان با نقش میانجی خستگی عاطفی کارکنان
الموضوعات :وحید میرزایی 1 , الهام صحرایی 2
1 - گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت دولتی گرایش منابع انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: بی¬تمدنی سازمانی, قصد جابه‌جایی, خستگی عاطفی, سازمان جهاد کشاورزی,
ملخص المقالة :
بیتمدنی از سوی برخی کارکنان ضمن مخدوش کردن اعتبار و وجهه سازمان تأثیر منفی قابل‌توجهی بر عملکرد سازمان و همچنین روابط میان‌فردی و روحیه همکاری کارکنان بر جای می‌گذارد براین‌اساس پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی رابطه بی تمدنی سازمانی و قصد جابه‌جایی کارکنان: نقش میانجی خستگی عاطفی کارکنان صورت گرفت. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از منظر روش و ماهیت توصیفی- پیمایشی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه کارکنان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی بجنورد بود. به علت محدود بودن جامعه، از روش سرشماری استفاده گردید. اطلاعات موردنیاز در بخش نظری از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و داده‌های موردنیاز در جهت آزمون فرضیه‌های تحقیق از طریق پرسش‌نامه استفاده گردید، بدینصورت که برای سنجش پرسش‌نامه بیتمدنی سازمانی بلاو و اندرسون (2005)، قصد جابه‌جایی کارکنان جانک و همکاران (2010)، خستگی عاطفی کارکنان ماسلج و جکسون (2009)، استفاده شد. پایایی پرسش‌نامه مذکور با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای متغیرهای بیتمدنی سازمانی (95/0)، قصد جابه‌جایی کارکنان (85/0)و خستگی عاطفی کارکنان (91/0) به دست آمد و روایی محتوا و صوری پرسش‌نامه نیز مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS 24 و نرم‌افزار Amos 22 انجام پذیرفت. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد بین بیتمدنی سازمانی کارکنان و قصد جابه‌جایی کارکنان رابطه معناداری وجود دارد و خستگی عاطفی کارکنان نقش میانجیگری دراین‌رابطه ایفا می‌کند.
المصادر:
اخوان بی‌تقصیر، سپیده؛ صفری، علی و شائمی برزکی، علی. (1396). بررسی پیشایندهای بی تمدنی سازمانی: نقش بیتمدنی و سایر عوامل. فصلنامه مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، 6(3) 55-80.
رضایی، فاطمه؛ نوری، ابوالقاسم و عریضی، حمیدرضا. (1390). بی نزاکتی در محیط کار و قصد ترک شغل با توجه به نقش میانجیگری عدالت سازمانی. دانش و پژوهش در روانشناسی کاربردی، 12(4)،40-50.
عرب، نگار؛ هاشمی شیخ شبانی، اسماعیل و بشلیده، کیومرث. (1392). پیشایندهای بی‌نزاکتی در محیط کار: بررسی برخی متغیرهای فردی و سازمانی. مجله روانشناسی،17(3) 294-309.
تابلی، حمید و محمدباقری رفسنجانی، پروانه. (1394). رفتارهای انحرافی و بی‌نزاکتی در محیط کار و تبعات سازمانی آن، اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی مدیریت، اقتصاد، حسابداری و علوم تربیتی، ساری، شرکت علمی‌پژوهشی و مشاوره‌ای آینده‌ساز، دانشگاه پیام‌نور نکا،
خواجه پور، نسیم، بشلیده، کیومرث، بهارلو، مصطفی. (1396). رابطه طردشدگی در محیط کار با عملکرد شغلی، رفتار شهروندی سازمانی و قصد ترک شغل؛ نقش میانجیگر خشنودی شغلی. مجله دست آورده‌های روان‌شناختی. 24(2) 137-160.
فرجی، و حمیدرضا؛ میرزایی، وحید؛ سرو آزاد، نوید. (1403). بررسی رابطه بین سکوت سازمانی و تمایل به ترک شغل با نقش میانجی اوباشگری سازمانی )مورد مطالعه: کارکنان بیمارستان قائم مشهد). توانمندسازی سرمایه انسانی.7(3).2
میرزاآقاسی کیاکلایی، میترا؛ رجایی‌پور، سعید. (1397). بی تمدنی در محل کار و تبعات سازمانی آن، چهارمین کنفرانس بین المللی پژوهش های مدیریت و علوم انسانی در ایران،دانشگاه تهران.
درخور، سارا، ارشدی، نسرین و هاشمی، اسماعیل. (1396).طراحی و آزمودن الگویی از برخی پیامدهای مشاهده بی نزاکتی در محیط کار، فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی،7(28) 40-23.
کرمی، مهدی، ضیاءالدینی، محمد، ناظر، محمد، کرمی، ناهید. (1396).ارتباط بین ادراک طردشدگی با بی نزاکتی در محیط کار در کارکنان درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان. سلامت جامعه، 9 (4) 72-80.
distress. Journal of Management Development, 37(3), 226-242 Abubakar, A. M. (2018). Linking work-family interference, workplace incivility, gender and psychological
Ali shah, iqtidear, fakhar zainab, Ahmad, m, shakil, zaman, Khalid (2010), “measuring push, pull and personal factors affecting turnover intention: a case of university teachers in Pakistan”, review of economic and business studies, vvolume 3, issue 1, pp. 167-192.
Agervold*, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work & Stress, 18(4), 336-351. Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American psychologist, 44(4), 70939 .39
Akhtar, S., Luqman, R., Raza, F., Riaz, H., Tufail, H. S., & Shahid, J. (2017). The impact o workplace incivility on the psychological wellbeing of employees through emotional exhaustion. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(3), pp-492.
Anderson, M. B. G., & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. EdGaines, J., & Jermier, J. M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management journal, 26(4), 567-586.ucational Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 109-132.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471.
Anjum, M. A., Parvez, A., & Ahmed, A. (2017). Relationship dynamics of burnout, turnover intentions and workplace incivility perceptions. Business & Economic Review, 9(3), 155-172.
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 91(5), 998
Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. L. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 298-308.
Baron, R. A. (2004). Workplace aggression and violence: Insights from basic research. In R. W. Griffith.
Beattie, L., & Griffin, B. (2014). Day-level fluctuations in stress and engagement in response to workplace incivility: A diary study. Work & Stress, 28(2), 124-142.
Bibi, Z., Karim, J., & ud Din, S. (2013). Workplace incivility and counterproductive work behavior: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2).
Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2010). Recovery during the weekend and fluctuations in weekly job performance: A week‐level study examining intra‐individual relationships. Journal of Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Rombough, V., & McDermott, C. (2007). A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 37(1), 12-24.Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 83(2), 419-441.
Casper, W. J., Harris, C., Taylor-Bianco, A., & Wayne, J. H. (2011). Work–family conflict, perceived supervisor support and organizational commitment among Brazilian professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 640-652.
Chen, Y., & Li, S. (2018). Relationship between workplace ostracism and unsafe behaviors: the mediating effect of psychological detachment and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, Retrieved from:
Chin, W.W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. In ModernMethods for Business Research, Marcoulides, G.A. (ed.) , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp:1295-1336.
Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., Han, S. J., & Lee, K. H. (2016). Workplace incivility and its effect upon restaurant frontline service employee emotions and service performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Choi, J. N. (2007). Change‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior: effects of wor environment characteristics and intervening psychological processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(4), 467-484.
Choi, S. (2015). Mediating effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the relationship between public service motivation and performance: A meta-analysis. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2605709 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2605709.
Conway, E., Fu, N., Monks, K., Alfes, K., & Bailey, C. (2016). Demands or resources? The relationship between HR practices, employee engagement, and emotional exhaustion within a hybrid model of employment relations. Human Resource Management, 55(5), 901-917.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), pp 13-48. Retrieved from: DOI:10.1037/a0012743
Francis, L., Holmvall, C. M. & O’Brien, L. E. (2015). The influence of workload and civility of treatment on the perpetration of email incivility. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 191-201
Kabat-Farr, D., Cortina, L. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2018). The emotional aftermath of incivility: Anger, guilt, and the role of organizational commitment. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(2), 109-128
Gnanakkan, S. S. (2010). Mediating role of organizational commitment on HR practices and turnover intention among ICT professionals. Journal of Management Research, 10 (1), 39-61.
Grandey, A., Cordeiro, B., & Crouter, A. (2005). A longitudinal and multi source test of the work-family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78 (3), 305- 323.
Howard, M. C., Cogswell, J. E., & Smith, M. B. (2019). The antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology.
Hur, W. M. Park, S. I. & Moon, T. W. (2014). The moderating roles of organizational justice on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and organizational loyalty in airline services. Journal of Services Marketing, 28 (3).
Hur, W. M., Kim, B. S., & Park, S. J. (2015). The relationship between coworker incivility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 25(6), 701-712.
Hur, W. M., Moon, T., & Jun, J. K. (2016). The effect of workplace incivility on service employee creativity: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(3), 302-315.
Haq, I. U. (2014). Workplace ostracism and job outcomes: Moderating effects of psychological capital. Human Capital without Borders: Management, Knowledge and Learning for Quality of Life, International Conference, 1309-1323
Holm, K., Torkelson, E., & Bäckström, M. (2019). Exploring links between witnessed and instigated workplace incivility. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 12(3), 160- 175.
Kabat-Farr, D., Cortina, L. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2018). The emotional aftermath of incivility: Anger, guilt and the role of organizational commitment. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(2), 109-128.,
Karatepe, O. M., Kim, T. T., & Lee, G. (2019). Is political skill really an antidote in the workplace incivility-emotional exhaustion and outcome relationship in the hotel industry?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 40, 40-49
Khoo, E. J. Aldubai, S. Ganasegeran, K. Lee, B. X. Zakaria, N. A. & Tan, K. K. (2017). Emotional exhaustion is associated with work related stressors: a cross-sectional multicenter study in Malaysian public hospitals. Archivos argentinos de pediatria, 115(3), 212-219
Koon, V. Y., & Pun, P. Y. (2018). The mediating role of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction on the relationship between job demands and instigated workplace incivility. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(2), 187-207.
Kim, G., & Lee, S. (2014). Women Sales Personnel's Emotion management: Do employee affectivity, job autonomy, and customer incivility affect emotional labor? Asian Women, 30(4), 1-27
Zainal,V. R., Ramly, M., Mutis,T.,& Arafah, W. (2015). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan: Dari Teori ke Praktik (Jakarta; 7th ed.).
Liu, Y. (2015). Investigating turnover intention among emergency communication specialists. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (2019). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
Marchiondo, L. A., Cortina, L. M., & Kabat‐ Farr, D. (2018). Attributions and appraisals of workplace incivility: finding light on the dark side? Applied Psychology, 67(3), 369-400
Mbah, S. E., & Ikemefuna, C. O. (2012). Job satisfaction and employees’ turnover intentions in total Nigeria plc. in Lagos State. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (14), 275-287.
Mcnabb, N. S. (2009).The daily floggings will continue until morale improves: An examination of the relationships among organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to turnover, Norman, Oklahoma.
Meek, W. R., Davis–Sramek, B., Baucus, M. S., & Germain, R. N. (2011).Commitment in franchising: The role of collaborative communication and a franchisee's propensity to leave. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 559–581.
Nadi, M., & Shojaee, M. (2019). Relationship between perception of bullying in the workplace, job self-alienation, organizational support with the Intention to Leave Work and the role of mediator of forced citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Sociology, 30(1), 167–188
Loh, J. M., & Loi, N. (2018). Tit for tat: Burnout as a mediator between workplace incivility and instigated workplace incivility. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 10(1), 100-111
Ogungbamila, B. (2013). Perception of organizational politics and job-related negative emotions as predictors of
Olusegun, S. O. (2013). Influence of job satisfaction on turnover intentions of library personnel in selected universities' in south west Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), Libraries at University of Nebraska-L
Okpozo, A. Z. Gong, T. Ennis, M. C. & Adenuga, B. (2017). Investigating the impact of ethical leadership on aspects of burnout. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38 (8), 1128-1143.
O’Reilly, J., & Robinson, S. L. (2009). The negative impact of ostracism on thwarted belongingness and workplace contributions. Chicago, IL: Academy of Management Meeting.
Özbağ, G. K., & Ceyhun, G. Ç. (2014). Does job satisfaction mediate the relationship between Work-family conflict and turnover? A study of Turkish marine pilots. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 643-649.
Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2018). Daily cyber incivility and distress: The moderating roles of resources at work and home. Journal of Management, 44(7), 2535-2557.
Pearson, C., & Porath, C. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. New York: Penguin.
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 29–44.
Porath, C. L., & Pearson C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1–2), 115–121
Qin, X., DiRenzo, M. S., Xu, M., & Duan, Y. (2014). When do emotionally exhausted employees speak up? Exploring the potential curvilinear relationship between emotional exhaustion and voice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(7), 1018-1041.
Rahim, A., & Cosby, D. M. (2016). A model of workplace incivility, job burnout, turnover intentions, and job performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(10), 1255-1265
Reisel, W. D., Probst, T. M., Chia, S., Maloles, C. M., & König, C. J. (2010). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behavior, and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40(1), 74–91.
Sayers, J. K., Sears, K. L., Kelly, K. M., & Harbke, C. R. (2011). When employees engage in workplace incivility: The interactive effect of psychological contract violation and organizational justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 23(4), 269-283.
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S57-S88
Singh, G., & Slack, N. J. (2016). Job satisfaction of employees undergoing public sector reform in Fiji. Journal of Business & Economics, 6 (2), 313- 323.
Söyük, S., Kocabey, A., & Gün, İ. (2019).Workplace Incivility and Workplace Ostracism in Healthcare Workers.
Smidt, O., De Beer, L. T., Brink, L., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). The validation of a workplace incivility scale within the South African banking industry. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1-12.
Zhou, Z. E., Yan, Y., Che, X. X., & Meier, L. L. (2015). Effect of workplace incivility on end of-work negative affect: Examining individual and organizational moderators in a daily diary study. Journal of occupational health psychology, 20(1), 117
Zheng, D. Witt, L. A. Waite, E. David, E. M. van Driel, M. McDonald, D. P. Crepeau, L. J. (2015), Effects of Ethical Leadership on Emotional Exhaustion in High Moral Intensity Situations, The Leadership Quarterly, 26(5).
Totterdell, P., Hershcovis, S. M., & Niven, K. (2012). Can employees be emotionally drained by witnessing unpleasant interactions between coworkers? A diary study of induced emotion regulationWork and Stress, 26, 112–129
van den Tooren, M., & Rutte, C. (2016). Explaining emotional exhaustion and work engagement: The role of job demands-resources and Type D personality. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 147.
Leiter, M. P., Day, A., & Price, L. (2015). Attachment styles at work: Measurement, collegial relationships, and burnout. Burnout Research, 2(1), 25-35.
Leung, A. S. M., Chen, Y. Y., & Young, M. N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal Hospitality Management, 30 (4), 836-844.
Lim, S., & Lee, A. (2012). Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupa-tional Health Psychology, 16, 95–111
Liu،Mingjie, Xie، Zhouliang (2020). The Impact of High-Performance Work System on New Generation Employees’ Turnover Intention: Psychological Capital as Mediator and Perceived Organizational Support as Moderator. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2020, 10, 360-373
Wright, Thomas A. & Russell Cropanzano. (2014). Psychological Well-being and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Job Performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (1): 84-94
. Wu, W., Qu, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, S., Tang, F., Zhao, N., & Si, H. (2019). Needs frustration makes me silent: Workplace ostracism and newcomers’ voice behavior. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(5), 635-652.
Yang, J., & Treadway, D. C. (2018). A social influence interpretation of workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(4), 879-891
اخوان بی‌تقصیر، سپیده؛ صفری، علی و شائمی برزکی، علی. (1396). بررسی پیشایندهای بی تمدنی سازمانی: نقش بیتمدنی و سایر عوامل. فصلنامه مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، 6(3) 55-80.
رضایی، فاطمه؛ نوری، ابوالقاسم و عریضی، حمیدرضا. (1390). بی نزاکتی در محیط کار و قصد ترک شغل با توجه به نقش میانجیگری عدالت سازمانی. دانش و پژوهش در روانشناسی کاربردی، 12(4)،40-50.
عرب، نگار؛ هاشمی شیخ شبانی، اسماعیل و بشلیده، کیومرث. (1392). پیشایندهای بی‌نزاکتی در محیط کار: بررسی برخی متغیرهای فردی و سازمانی. مجله روانشناسی،17(3) 294-309.
تابلی، حمید و محمدباقری رفسنجانی، پروانه. (1394). رفتارهای انحرافی و بی‌نزاکتی در محیط کار و تبعات سازمانی آن، اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی مدیریت، اقتصاد، حسابداری و علوم تربیتی، ساری، شرکت علمی‌پژوهشی و مشاوره‌ای آینده‌ساز، دانشگاه پیام‌نور نکا،
خواجه پور، نسیم، بشلیده، کیومرث، بهارلو، مصطفی. (1396). رابطه طردشدگی در محیط کار با عملکرد شغلی، رفتار شهروندی سازمانی و قصد ترک شغل؛ نقش میانجیگر خشنودی شغلی. مجله دست آورده‌های روان‌شناختی. 24(2) 137-160.
فرجی، و حمیدرضا؛ میرزایی، وحید؛ سرو آزاد، نوید. (1403). بررسی رابطه بین سکوت سازمانی و تمایل به ترک شغل با نقش میانجی اوباشگری سازمانی )مورد مطالعه: کارکنان بیمارستان قائم مشهد). توانمندسازی سرمایه انسانی.7(3).2
میرزاآقاسی کیاکلایی، میترا؛ رجایی‌پور، سعید. (1397). بی تمدنی در محل کار و تبعات سازمانی آن، چهارمین کنفرانس بین المللی پژوهش های مدیریت و علوم انسانی در ایران،دانشگاه تهران.
درخور، سارا، ارشدی، نسرین و هاشمی، اسماعیل. (1396).طراحی و آزمودن الگویی از برخی پیامدهای مشاهده بی نزاکتی در محیط کار، فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی،7(28) 40-23.
کرمی، مهدی، ضیاءالدینی، محمد، ناظر، محمد، کرمی، ناهید. (1396).ارتباط بین ادراک طردشدگی با بی نزاکتی در محیط کار در کارکنان درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان. سلامت جامعه، 9 (4) 72-80.
distress. Journal of Management Development, 37(3), 226-242 Abubakar, A. M. (2018). Linking work-family interference, workplace incivility, gender and psychological
Ali shah, iqtidear, fakhar zainab, Ahmad, m, shakil, zaman, Khalid (2010), “measuring push, pull and personal factors affecting turnover intention: a case of university teachers in Pakistan”, review of economic and business studies, vvolume 3, issue 1, pp. 167-192.
Agervold*, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work & Stress, 18(4), 336-351. Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American psychologist, 44(4), 70939 .39
Akhtar, S., Luqman, R., Raza, F., Riaz, H., Tufail, H. S., & Shahid, J. (2017). The impact o workplace incivility on the psychological wellbeing of employees through emotional exhaustion. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(3), pp-492.
Anderson, M. B. G., & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. EdGaines, J., & Jermier, J. M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management journal, 26(4), 567-586.ucational Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 109-132.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471.
Anjum, M. A., Parvez, A., & Ahmed, A. (2017). Relationship dynamics of burnout, turnover intentions and workplace incivility perceptions. Business & Economic Review, 9(3), 155-172.
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 91(5), 998
Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. L. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 298-308.
Baron, R. A. (2004). Workplace aggression and violence: Insights from basic research. In R. W. Griffith.
Beattie, L., & Griffin, B. (2014). Day-level fluctuations in stress and engagement in response to workplace incivility: A diary study. Work & Stress, 28(2), 124-142.
Bibi, Z., Karim, J., & ud Din, S. (2013). Workplace incivility and counterproductive work behavior: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2).
Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2010). Recovery during the weekend and fluctuations in weekly job performance: A week‐level study examining intra‐individual relationships. Journal of Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Rombough, V., & McDermott, C. (2007). A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 37(1), 12-24.Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 83(2), 419-441.
Casper, W. J., Harris, C., Taylor-Bianco, A., & Wayne, J. H. (2011). Work–family conflict, perceived supervisor support and organizational commitment among Brazilian professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 640-652.
Chen, Y., & Li, S. (2018). Relationship between workplace ostracism and unsafe behaviors: the mediating effect of psychological detachment and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, Retrieved from:
Chin, W.W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. In ModernMethods for Business Research, Marcoulides, G.A. (ed.) , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp:1295-1336.
Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., Han, S. J., & Lee, K. H. (2016). Workplace incivility and its effect upon restaurant frontline service employee emotions and service performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Choi, J. N. (2007). Change‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior: effects of wor environment characteristics and intervening psychological processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(4), 467-484.
Choi, S. (2015). Mediating effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the relationship between public service motivation and performance: A meta-analysis. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2605709 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2605709.
Conway, E., Fu, N., Monks, K., Alfes, K., & Bailey, C. (2016). Demands or resources? The relationship between HR practices, employee engagement, and emotional exhaustion within a hybrid model of employment relations. Human Resource Management, 55(5), 901-917.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), pp 13-48. Retrieved from: DOI:10.1037/a0012743
Francis, L., Holmvall, C. M. & O’Brien, L. E. (2015). The influence of workload and civility of treatment on the perpetration of email incivility. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 191-201
Kabat-Farr, D., Cortina, L. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2018). The emotional aftermath of incivility: Anger, guilt, and the role of organizational commitment. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(2), 109-128
Gnanakkan, S. S. (2010). Mediating role of organizational commitment on HR practices and turnover intention among ICT professionals. Journal of Management Research, 10 (1), 39-61.
Grandey, A., Cordeiro, B., & Crouter, A. (2005). A longitudinal and multi source test of the work-family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78 (3), 305- 323.
Howard, M. C., Cogswell, J. E., & Smith, M. B. (2019). The antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology.
Hur, W. M. Park, S. I. & Moon, T. W. (2014). The moderating roles of organizational justice on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and organizational loyalty in airline services. Journal of Services Marketing, 28 (3).
Hur, W. M., Kim, B. S., & Park, S. J. (2015). The relationship between coworker incivility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 25(6), 701-712.
Hur, W. M., Moon, T., & Jun, J. K. (2016). The effect of workplace incivility on service employee creativity: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(3), 302-315.
Haq, I. U. (2014). Workplace ostracism and job outcomes: Moderating effects of psychological capital. Human Capital without Borders: Management, Knowledge and Learning for Quality of Life, International Conference, 1309-1323
Holm, K., Torkelson, E., & Bäckström, M. (2019). Exploring links between witnessed and instigated workplace incivility. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 12(3), 160- 175.
Kabat-Farr, D., Cortina, L. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2018). The emotional aftermath of incivility: Anger, guilt and the role of organizational commitment. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(2), 109-128.,
Karatepe, O. M., Kim, T. T., & Lee, G. (2019). Is political skill really an antidote in the workplace incivility-emotional exhaustion and outcome relationship in the hotel industry?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 40, 40-49
Khoo, E. J. Aldubai, S. Ganasegeran, K. Lee, B. X. Zakaria, N. A. & Tan, K. K. (2017). Emotional exhaustion is associated with work related stressors: a cross-sectional multicenter study in Malaysian public hospitals. Archivos argentinos de pediatria, 115(3), 212-219
Koon, V. Y., & Pun, P. Y. (2018). The mediating role of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction on the relationship between job demands and instigated workplace incivility. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(2), 187-207.
Kim, G., & Lee, S. (2014). Women Sales Personnel's Emotion management: Do employee affectivity, job autonomy, and customer incivility affect emotional labor? Asian Women, 30(4), 1-27
Zainal,V. R., Ramly, M., Mutis,T.,& Arafah, W. (2015). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan: Dari Teori ke Praktik (Jakarta; 7th ed.).
Liu, Y. (2015). Investigating turnover intention among emergency communication specialists. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (2019). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
Marchiondo, L. A., Cortina, L. M., & Kabat‐ Farr, D. (2018). Attributions and appraisals of workplace incivility: finding light on the dark side? Applied Psychology, 67(3), 369-400
Mbah, S. E., & Ikemefuna, C. O. (2012). Job satisfaction and employees’ turnover intentions in total Nigeria plc. in Lagos State. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (14), 275-287.
Mcnabb, N. S. (2009).The daily floggings will continue until morale improves: An examination of the relationships among organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to turnover, Norman, Oklahoma.
Meek, W. R., Davis–Sramek, B., Baucus, M. S., & Germain, R. N. (2011).Commitment in franchising: The role of collaborative communication and a franchisee's propensity to leave. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 559–581.
Nadi, M., & Shojaee, M. (2019). Relationship between perception of bullying in the workplace, job self-alienation, organizational support with the Intention to Leave Work and the role of mediator of forced citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Sociology, 30(1), 167–188
Loh, J. M., & Loi, N. (2018). Tit for tat: Burnout as a mediator between workplace incivility and instigated workplace incivility. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 10(1), 100-111
Ogungbamila, B. (2013). Perception of organizational politics and job-related negative emotions as predictors of
Olusegun, S. O. (2013). Influence of job satisfaction on turnover intentions of library personnel in selected universities' in south west Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), Libraries at University of Nebraska-L
Okpozo, A. Z. Gong, T. Ennis, M. C. & Adenuga, B. (2017). Investigating the impact of ethical leadership on aspects of burnout. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38 (8), 1128-1143.
O’Reilly, J., & Robinson, S. L. (2009). The negative impact of ostracism on thwarted belongingness and workplace contributions. Chicago, IL: Academy of Management Meeting.
Özbağ, G. K., & Ceyhun, G. Ç. (2014). Does job satisfaction mediate the relationship between Work-family conflict and turnover? A study of Turkish marine pilots. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 643-649.
Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2018). Daily cyber incivility and distress: The moderating roles of resources at work and home. Journal of Management, 44(7), 2535-2557.
Pearson, C., & Porath, C. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. New York: Penguin.
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 29–44.
Porath, C. L., & Pearson C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1–2), 115–121
Qin, X., DiRenzo, M. S., Xu, M., & Duan, Y. (2014). When do emotionally exhausted employees speak up? Exploring the potential curvilinear relationship between emotional exhaustion and voice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(7), 1018-1041.
Rahim, A., & Cosby, D. M. (2016). A model of workplace incivility, job burnout, turnover intentions, and job performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(10), 1255-1265
Reisel, W. D., Probst, T. M., Chia, S., Maloles, C. M., & König, C. J. (2010). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behavior, and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40(1), 74–91.
Sayers, J. K., Sears, K. L., Kelly, K. M., & Harbke, C. R. (2011). When employees engage in workplace incivility: The interactive effect of psychological contract violation and organizational justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 23(4), 269-283.
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S57-S88
Singh, G., & Slack, N. J. (2016). Job satisfaction of employees undergoing public sector reform in Fiji. Journal of Business & Economics, 6 (2), 313- 323.
Söyük, S., Kocabey, A., & Gün, İ. (2019).Workplace Incivility and Workplace Ostracism in Healthcare Workers.
Smidt, O., De Beer, L. T., Brink, L., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). The validation of a workplace incivility scale within the South African banking industry. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1-12.
Zhou, Z. E., Yan, Y., Che, X. X., & Meier, L. L. (2015). Effect of workplace incivility on end of-work negative affect: Examining individual and organizational moderators in a daily diary study. Journal of occupational health psychology, 20(1), 117
Zheng, D. Witt, L. A. Waite, E. David, E. M. van Driel, M. McDonald, D. P. Crepeau, L. J. (2015), Effects of Ethical Leadership on Emotional Exhaustion in High Moral Intensity Situations, The Leadership Quarterly, 26(5).
Totterdell, P., Hershcovis, S. M., & Niven, K. (2012). Can employees be emotionally drained by witnessing unpleasant interactions between coworkers? A diary study of induced emotion regulationWork and Stress, 26, 112–129
van den Tooren, M., & Rutte, C. (2016). Explaining emotional exhaustion and work engagement: The role of job demands-resources and Type D personality. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 147.
Leiter, M. P., Day, A., & Price, L. (2015). Attachment styles at work: Measurement, collegial relationships, and burnout. Burnout Research, 2(1), 25-35.
Leung, A. S. M., Chen, Y. Y., & Young, M. N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal Hospitality Management, 30 (4), 836-844.
Lim, S., & Lee, A. (2012). Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupa-tional Health Psychology, 16, 95–111
Liu،Mingjie, Xie، Zhouliang (2020). The Impact of High-Performance Work System on New Generation Employees’ Turnover Intention: Psychological Capital as Mediator and Perceived Organizational Support as Moderator. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2020, 10, 360-373
Wright, Thomas A. & Russell Cropanzano. (2014). Psychological Well-being and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Job Performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (1): 84-94
. Wu, W., Qu, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, S., Tang, F., Zhao, N., & Si, H. (2019). Needs frustration makes me silent: Workplace ostracism and newcomers’ voice behavior. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(5), 635-652.
Yang, J., & Treadway, D. C. (2018). A social influence interpretation of workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(4), 879-891
