ارزیابی زراعی و اقتصادی کشت مخلوط گلرنگ (.Carthamus tinctorius L) و نخود (.Cicer arietinium L) تحت شرایط کاربرد عناصر ریزمغذی
الموضوعات : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعییاسر اسماعیلیان 1 , محمد بهزاد امیری 2
1 - استادیار گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: عملکرد, کشت مخلوط, عناصر کم مصرف, بهره‌وری تولید, کارآیی مصرف آب,
ملخص المقالة :
امروزه، کشت مخلوط به عنوان راهبرد کلیدی کشاورزی پایدار در راستای افزایش بهره وری استفاده از منابع محیطی، کاهش خسارت تنش های محیطی و بهبود درآمد مزرعه مورد توجه و استقبال محققین و کشاورزان قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد اجرا شد که در آن، عامل اصلی شامل الگوهای کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود، 50% گلرنگ + 50% نخود، 75% گلرنگ + 25% نخود، 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود و کشت خالص این دو گیاه و عامل فرعی شامل تیمارهای شاهد (عدم محلول پاشی) و محلول پاشی سه در هزار آهن و روی بودند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد شاخه جانبی (5/10) و طبق در بوته (5/22) گلرنگ به ترتیب از تیمارهای کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ +75% نخود و 50% گلرنگ + 50% نخود حاصل شد و بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2070 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از کشت خالص به دست آمدند. تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد طبق، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه گلرنگ در نتیجه مصرف کودهای ریزمغذی افزایش داشت. ارتفاع بوته (4/26 سانتی متر) و عملکرد دانه نخود (1739 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشت خالص بالاترین مقدار را نشان داد در حالی که بیشترین تعداد غلاف (9/31) و تعداد دانه در بوته (2/22) از کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود حاصل شد. عناصر ریزمغذی موجب بهبود ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف، طول غلاف و تعداد دانه در بوته نخود شدند. نسبت برابری زمین بین 12/1 تا 52/1 متغیر بود. شاخص تغییرات کارآیی مصرف آب نیز در کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص بیشتر بود و بالاترین مقادیر (31/1) از تیمار 75% گلرنگ + 25% نخود به دست آمد. شاخص غالبیت نشان دهنده چیرگی گیاه گلرنگ بر نخود بود. تمامی تیمارهای کشت مخلوط به جز الگوی 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود، افزایش واقعی عملکرد را نشان دادند. بیشترین میزان شاخص سودمندی کشت مخلوط (51/0) از تیمار 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود حاصل شد، درحالی که شاخص های مزیت پولی (26454751) و مجموع ارزش نسبی (44/1) در کشت مخلوط 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود بالاتر بود.
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· Marastoni, L., M. Sandri, Y. Pii, F. Valentinuzzi, G. Brunetto, S. Cesco, and T. Mimmo. 2019. Synergism and antagonisms between nutrients induced by copper toxicity in grapevine rootstocks: monocropping vs. intercropping. Chemosphere. 214: 563–578.
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_||_· Ahmadi, A., A. Dabbagh Mohammdi Nasab, S. Zehtab Salmasi, R. Amini, and H. Janmohammadi. 2010. Evaluation of yield and advantage indices in barley and vetch intercropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 20(2): 76-87. (In Persian).
· Ali, E.A. 2012. Effect of iron nutrient care sprayed on foliage at different physiological growth stages on yield and quality of some durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties in sandy soil. Asian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 139-149.
· Amiri, E. 2013. Evaluation of safflower and chickpea intercropping under different levels of plant density and nitrogen. M.Sc. Thesis. Industrial University of Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian).
· Asadi, G.A., S. Khorramdel, and M.H. Hatefi Farajian. 2016. The effects of row intercropping ratios of chickpea and saffron on their quantitative characteristics and yield. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology. 4(2): 93-103. (In Persian).
· Awaad, H., and N. Elnaggar. 2017. Potential role of intercropping in maintaining and facilitating environmental sustainability. In: Sustainability of agricultural environment in Egypt: Part I. Abdelazim, M.N., and M. Abu-Hashim (eds). pp: 81-100. Springer, New York.
· Aytac, Z., N. Gulmezoglu, Z. Sirel, I. Tolay, and A. Alkan Torun. 2014. The effect of zinc on yield, yield components and micronutrient concentrations in the seeds of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. 42(1): 202-208.
· Bahadorkhah, F., and S.A. Kazemeini. 2014. Effect of salinity and sowing method on yield, yield component and oil content of two cultivars of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 264-272. (In Persian).
· Cortés-Mora, A., G. Piva, M. Jamont, and J. Fustec. 2010. Niche separation and nitrogen transfer in Brassica-legume intercrops. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo. 47: 581-586.
· Doubi, B.T.S., K.I. Kouassi, K.L. Kouakou, K.K. Koffi, J.P. Baudoin, and B.I.A. Zoro. 2016. Existing competitive indices in the intercropping system of Manihot esculenta Crantz and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley. Journal of Plant Interactions. 11(1): 178-185.
· Duchene, O., J.F. Vian, and F. Celette. 2017. Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 240: 148-161.
· Fotohi- Chianeh, S., A. Javanshir, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, E. Zand, F.F. Razavi, and E. Rezaei-Chianeh. 2012. Effect of various corn (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping densities on crop yield and weed biomass. Journal of Agroecology. 4(2) 131-143. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and M. Seyedi. 2013. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) intercropping systems using advantageous indices of intercropping under weed interference conditions. Journal of Agronomy Sciences. 6(9): 1-12. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and N. Ghamari Rahim. 2015. Economic evaluation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping based on relative value total and decrease of weeds growth. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 6(19): 97-108. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., S. Najjari, F. Sadeghi, and M. Seyedi. 2014. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron chelate and inoculation with mesorhizobium bacteria on root nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea under rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 5(2): 9-18. (In Persian).
· He, J., H. Wang, H. Ding, and C. Ge. 2016. Epibrassinolide confers zinc stress tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme responses, osmolytes and hormonal balance in Solanum melongena seedlings. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 39: 295-303.
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· Imtiaz, M., A. Rashid, P. Khan, M.Y. Memon, and M. Aslam. 2010. The role of micronutrients in crop production and human health. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(4): 2565-2578.
· Jalilian, J., A. Zajafabadi, and M.R. Zardashti. 2017. Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch. Journal of Plant Interactions. 12(1): 92-99.
· Javanmard, A., M. Amani Machiani, and H. Eskandari. 2019. Evaluation of forage quantity and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) intercropping system in Maragheh rainfed conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 11(2): 435-452. (In Persian).
· Kamaraki, H., and M. Galavi. 2012. Evaluation of foliar Fe, Zn and B micronutrients application on quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agroecology. 4(3): 201-206. (In Persian).
· Kazemeini, S.A., and H. Sadeghi. 2012. Reaction of the green bean-safflower intercropping patterns to different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 31(2): 13-22. (In Persian).
· Koochecki, A., J. Shabahang, S. Khorramdel, and R. Azimi. 2013. The effect of irrigation intervals and intercropped marjoram (Origanum vulgare) with saffron (Crocus sativus) on possible cooling effect of corms for climate change adaptation. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(3): 390-400. (In Persian).
· Kumara, K., K.N. Rao, H. Veeresh, A.K. Gaddi, and A.S. Channabasavanna. 2020. Response of safflower to foliar application of micronutrient mixture. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 21(2): 26-33.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., C.A. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, and D.N. Vlachostergios. 2011 a. Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(4): 396-410.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., D.N. Vlachostergios, C.A. Dordas, and C.A. Damalas. 2011 b. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy. 34: 287-294.
· Liu, Y., W.P. Zhang, J.H. Sun, X.F. Li, P. Christie, and L. Li. 2015. High morphological and physiological plasticity of wheat roots is conducive to higher competitive ability of wheat than maize in intercropping systems. Plant and Soil. 397: 387-399
· Majnoon Hoseini, N., J. Soleymani, and H. Zeynali. 2014. Study the different proportions of strip intercropping on yield and yield components of safflower and spring chickpea. 5th National Conference of Iran Beans. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Maliro, M.F.A., D.L. Mc Neil, B. Redden, J.F. Kollmorgen, and C. Pittock. 2008. Sampling strategies and screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) germplasm for salt tolerance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 55: 53-63.
· Manjith Kumar, B.R., M. Chidenand, P.M. Mansur, and S.C. Salimath. 2009. Influence of different row proportions on yield components and yield of rabi crops under different intercropping systems. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 22(5): 1087-1089.
· Marastoni, L., M. Sandri, Y. Pii, F. Valentinuzzi, G. Brunetto, S. Cesco, and T. Mimmo. 2019. Synergism and antagonisms between nutrients induced by copper toxicity in grapevine rootstocks: monocropping vs. intercropping. Chemosphere. 214: 563–578.
· Martin-Guay, M., A. Paquette, J. Dupras, and D. Rivest. 2018. The new green revolution: sustainable intensification of agriculture by intercropping. Science of the Total Environment. 615: 767-772.
· Mashhadi, T., A. Nakhzari Moghaddam, and H. Sabouri. 2015. Investigation of competition indices in intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under nitrogen consumption. Journal of Agroecology. 7(3): 344-355. (In Persian).
· Najaf Abadi, A., J. Jalilian, and Zardoshti, M.R. 2017. The effect of intercropping patterns on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower and bitter vetch in high-input and low-input farming systems. Journal of Crop Improvement. 19(2): 445-460. (In Persian).
· Nandan, B., B.C. Sharma, G. Chand, K. Bazgalia, R. Kumar, and M. Banotra. 2018. Agronomic fortification of Zn and Fe in chickpea an emerging tool for nutritional security - a global perspective. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health. 2(4): 12-19.
· Nasri, M. 2014. Evaluation of different value on fertilizer (N, K, Zn) on nitrate content and quality characteristics of common bean to genotype sunray in Varamin region. Environmental Sciences. 12(4): 47-54. (In Persian).
· Reich, P.B., D. Tilman, S. Naeem, D.S. Ellsworth, J. Knops, J. Craine, D. Wedin, and J. Trost. 2004. Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO2 and N. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101: 10101-10106.
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