ارزیابی زراعی و اقتصادی کشت مخلوط گلرنگ (.Carthamus tinctorius L) و نخود (.Cicer arietinium L) تحت شرایط کاربرد عناصر ریزمغذی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
یاسر اسماعیلیان
1
(استادیار گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران.)
محمد بهزاد امیری
2
(استادیار گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران)
کلید واژه: عملکرد, کشت مخلوط, عناصر کم مصرف, بهره‌وری تولید, کارآیی مصرف آب,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه، کشت مخلوط به عنوان راهبرد کلیدی کشاورزی پایدار در راستای افزایش بهره وری استفاده از منابع محیطی، کاهش خسارت تنش های محیطی و بهبود درآمد مزرعه مورد توجه و استقبال محققین و کشاورزان قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد اجرا شد که در آن، عامل اصلی شامل الگوهای کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود، 50% گلرنگ + 50% نخود، 75% گلرنگ + 25% نخود، 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود و کشت خالص این دو گیاه و عامل فرعی شامل تیمارهای شاهد (عدم محلول پاشی) و محلول پاشی سه در هزار آهن و روی بودند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد شاخه جانبی (5/10) و طبق در بوته (5/22) گلرنگ به ترتیب از تیمارهای کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ +75% نخود و 50% گلرنگ + 50% نخود حاصل شد و بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2070 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از کشت خالص به دست آمدند. تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد طبق، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه گلرنگ در نتیجه مصرف کودهای ریزمغذی افزایش داشت. ارتفاع بوته (4/26 سانتی متر) و عملکرد دانه نخود (1739 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشت خالص بالاترین مقدار را نشان داد در حالی که بیشترین تعداد غلاف (9/31) و تعداد دانه در بوته (2/22) از کشت مخلوط 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود حاصل شد. عناصر ریزمغذی موجب بهبود ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف، طول غلاف و تعداد دانه در بوته نخود شدند. نسبت برابری زمین بین 12/1 تا 52/1 متغیر بود. شاخص تغییرات کارآیی مصرف آب نیز در کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص بیشتر بود و بالاترین مقادیر (31/1) از تیمار 75% گلرنگ + 25% نخود به دست آمد. شاخص غالبیت نشان دهنده چیرگی گیاه گلرنگ بر نخود بود. تمامی تیمارهای کشت مخلوط به جز الگوی 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود، افزایش واقعی عملکرد را نشان دادند. بیشترین میزان شاخص سودمندی کشت مخلوط (51/0) از تیمار 25% گلرنگ + 75% نخود حاصل شد، درحالی که شاخص های مزیت پولی (26454751) و مجموع ارزش نسبی (44/1) در کشت مخلوط 100% گلرنگ + 100% نخود بالاتر بود.
Today, intercropping as a key strategy of sustainable agriculture, is appreciated by both researchers and farmers in increasing efficiency of environmental resourceing uses, reduce damages due to environmental stresses, and improve the farm income. To this end, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Gonabad University.Main factor, comprised of 25% safflower + 75% chickpea, 50% safflower + 50% chickpea, 75% safflower + 25% chickpea, and 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping patterns, and sole cropping of the two plants. Subfactors consisted of control (without foliar spray) and foliar spraying of 3 g.lit-1 Fe and Zn. The research results showed that the highest values of branches number (10.5) and head number per plant (22.5) of safflower were achieved from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea and 50% safflower + 50% chickpea intercropping, respectively and the highest seed yield (2070 kg.ha-1) from sole cropping. The branch and head number per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield of safflower were increased significantly due to micronutrient foliar application as compared with control. The plant height (26.4 cm) and seed yield (1739 kg.ha-1) of chickpea showed the highest value in sole cropping while the highest values of pod number per plant (31.9) and seed number per plant (22.2) were obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea intercropping. Micronutrients foliar application improved plant height, pod number per plant, pod length, and seed number per plant of chickpea. The land equivalent ratio values ranged from 1.12 to 1.52. The changes in water use efficiency indices were also higher in all intercropping patterns compared with sole cropping, and the highest value (1.31) was achieved from 75% safflower + 25% chickpea intercropping treatment. The aggressivity index indicated the dominance of safflower over chickpea. All of the intercropping treatments, except for 100% safflower + 100% chickpea pattern, showed real yield increase. The highest value of intercropping advantage (0.51) was obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea treatment while the monetary advantage index (26454751) and the relative total value (1.44) were higher in 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping as compared to the other cropping patterns.
· Ahmadi, A., A. Dabbagh Mohammdi Nasab, S. Zehtab Salmasi, R. Amini, and H. Janmohammadi. 2010. Evaluation of yield and advantage indices in barley and vetch intercropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 20(2): 76-87. (In Persian).
· Ali, E.A. 2012. Effect of iron nutrient care sprayed on foliage at different physiological growth stages on yield and quality of some durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties in sandy soil. Asian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 139-149.
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· Aytac, Z., N. Gulmezoglu, Z. Sirel, I. Tolay, and A. Alkan Torun. 2014. The effect of zinc on yield, yield components and micronutrient concentrations in the seeds of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. 42(1): 202-208.
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· Cortés-Mora, A., G. Piva, M. Jamont, and J. Fustec. 2010. Niche separation and nitrogen transfer in Brassica-legume intercrops. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo. 47: 581-586.
· Doubi, B.T.S., K.I. Kouassi, K.L. Kouakou, K.K. Koffi, J.P. Baudoin, and B.I.A. Zoro. 2016. Existing competitive indices in the intercropping system of Manihot esculenta Crantz and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley. Journal of Plant Interactions. 11(1): 178-185.
· Duchene, O., J.F. Vian, and F. Celette. 2017. Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 240: 148-161.
· Fotohi- Chianeh, S., A. Javanshir, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, E. Zand, F.F. Razavi, and E. Rezaei-Chianeh. 2012. Effect of various corn (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping densities on crop yield and weed biomass. Journal of Agroecology. 4(2) 131-143. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and M. Seyedi. 2013. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) intercropping systems using advantageous indices of intercropping under weed interference conditions. Journal of Agronomy Sciences. 6(9): 1-12. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and N. Ghamari Rahim. 2015. Economic evaluation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping based on relative value total and decrease of weeds growth. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 6(19): 97-108. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., S. Najjari, F. Sadeghi, and M. Seyedi. 2014. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron chelate and inoculation with mesorhizobium bacteria on root nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea under rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 5(2): 9-18. (In Persian).
· He, J., H. Wang, H. Ding, and C. Ge. 2016. Epibrassinolide confers zinc stress tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme responses, osmolytes and hormonal balance in Solanum melongena seedlings. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 39: 295-303.
· Hong, Y., N. Heerlink, M. Zhao, and W. van der Werf. 2019. Intercropping contributes to a higher technical efficiency in smallholder farming: evidence from a case study in Gaotai County, China. Agricultural Systems. 173: 317-324.
· Imtiaz, M., A. Rashid, P. Khan, M.Y. Memon, and M. Aslam. 2010. The role of micronutrients in crop production and human health. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(4): 2565-2578.
· Jalilian, J., A. Zajafabadi, and M.R. Zardashti. 2017. Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch. Journal of Plant Interactions. 12(1): 92-99.
· Javanmard, A., M. Amani Machiani, and H. Eskandari. 2019. Evaluation of forage quantity and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) intercropping system in Maragheh rainfed conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 11(2): 435-452. (In Persian).
· Kamaraki, H., and M. Galavi. 2012. Evaluation of foliar Fe, Zn and B micronutrients application on quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agroecology. 4(3): 201-206. (In Persian).
· Kazemeini, S.A., and H. Sadeghi. 2012. Reaction of the green bean-safflower intercropping patterns to different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 31(2): 13-22. (In Persian).
· Koochecki, A., J. Shabahang, S. Khorramdel, and R. Azimi. 2013. The effect of irrigation intervals and intercropped marjoram (Origanum vulgare) with saffron (Crocus sativus) on possible cooling effect of corms for climate change adaptation. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(3): 390-400. (In Persian).
· Kumara, K., K.N. Rao, H. Veeresh, A.K. Gaddi, and A.S. Channabasavanna. 2020. Response of safflower to foliar application of micronutrient mixture. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 21(2): 26-33.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., C.A. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, and D.N. Vlachostergios. 2011 a. Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(4): 396-410.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., D.N. Vlachostergios, C.A. Dordas, and C.A. Damalas. 2011 b. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy. 34: 287-294.
· Liu, Y., W.P. Zhang, J.H. Sun, X.F. Li, P. Christie, and L. Li. 2015. High morphological and physiological plasticity of wheat roots is conducive to higher competitive ability of wheat than maize in intercropping systems. Plant and Soil. 397: 387-399
· Majnoon Hoseini, N., J. Soleymani, and H. Zeynali. 2014. Study the different proportions of strip intercropping on yield and yield components of safflower and spring chickpea. 5th National Conference of Iran Beans. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Maliro, M.F.A., D.L. Mc Neil, B. Redden, J.F. Kollmorgen, and C. Pittock. 2008. Sampling strategies and screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) germplasm for salt tolerance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 55: 53-63.
· Manjith Kumar, B.R., M. Chidenand, P.M. Mansur, and S.C. Salimath. 2009. Influence of different row proportions on yield components and yield of rabi crops under different intercropping systems. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 22(5): 1087-1089.
· Marastoni, L., M. Sandri, Y. Pii, F. Valentinuzzi, G. Brunetto, S. Cesco, and T. Mimmo. 2019. Synergism and antagonisms between nutrients induced by copper toxicity in grapevine rootstocks: monocropping vs. intercropping. Chemosphere. 214: 563–578.
· Martin-Guay, M., A. Paquette, J. Dupras, and D. Rivest. 2018. The new green revolution: sustainable intensification of agriculture by intercropping. Science of the Total Environment. 615: 767-772.
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Zhang, G., Z. Yang, and S. Dong. 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research. 124: 66-73.
_||_· Ahmadi, A., A. Dabbagh Mohammdi Nasab, S. Zehtab Salmasi, R. Amini, and H. Janmohammadi. 2010. Evaluation of yield and advantage indices in barley and vetch intercropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 20(2): 76-87. (In Persian).
· Ali, E.A. 2012. Effect of iron nutrient care sprayed on foliage at different physiological growth stages on yield and quality of some durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties in sandy soil. Asian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 139-149.
· Amiri, E. 2013. Evaluation of safflower and chickpea intercropping under different levels of plant density and nitrogen. M.Sc. Thesis. Industrial University of Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian).
· Asadi, G.A., S. Khorramdel, and M.H. Hatefi Farajian. 2016. The effects of row intercropping ratios of chickpea and saffron on their quantitative characteristics and yield. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology. 4(2): 93-103. (In Persian).
· Awaad, H., and N. Elnaggar. 2017. Potential role of intercropping in maintaining and facilitating environmental sustainability. In: Sustainability of agricultural environment in Egypt: Part I. Abdelazim, M.N., and M. Abu-Hashim (eds). pp: 81-100. Springer, New York.
· Aytac, Z., N. Gulmezoglu, Z. Sirel, I. Tolay, and A. Alkan Torun. 2014. The effect of zinc on yield, yield components and micronutrient concentrations in the seeds of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. 42(1): 202-208.
· Bahadorkhah, F., and S.A. Kazemeini. 2014. Effect of salinity and sowing method on yield, yield component and oil content of two cultivars of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 264-272. (In Persian).
· Cortés-Mora, A., G. Piva, M. Jamont, and J. Fustec. 2010. Niche separation and nitrogen transfer in Brassica-legume intercrops. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo. 47: 581-586.
· Doubi, B.T.S., K.I. Kouassi, K.L. Kouakou, K.K. Koffi, J.P. Baudoin, and B.I.A. Zoro. 2016. Existing competitive indices in the intercropping system of Manihot esculenta Crantz and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley. Journal of Plant Interactions. 11(1): 178-185.
· Duchene, O., J.F. Vian, and F. Celette. 2017. Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 240: 148-161.
· Fotohi- Chianeh, S., A. Javanshir, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, E. Zand, F.F. Razavi, and E. Rezaei-Chianeh. 2012. Effect of various corn (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping densities on crop yield and weed biomass. Journal of Agroecology. 4(2) 131-143. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and M. Seyedi. 2013. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) intercropping systems using advantageous indices of intercropping under weed interference conditions. Journal of Agronomy Sciences. 6(9): 1-12. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., and N. Ghamari Rahim. 2015. Economic evaluation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping based on relative value total and decrease of weeds growth. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 6(19): 97-108. (In Persian).
· Hamzei, J., S. Najjari, F. Sadeghi, and M. Seyedi. 2014. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron chelate and inoculation with mesorhizobium bacteria on root nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea under rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 5(2): 9-18. (In Persian).
· He, J., H. Wang, H. Ding, and C. Ge. 2016. Epibrassinolide confers zinc stress tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme responses, osmolytes and hormonal balance in Solanum melongena seedlings. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 39: 295-303.
· Hong, Y., N. Heerlink, M. Zhao, and W. van der Werf. 2019. Intercropping contributes to a higher technical efficiency in smallholder farming: evidence from a case study in Gaotai County, China. Agricultural Systems. 173: 317-324.
· Imtiaz, M., A. Rashid, P. Khan, M.Y. Memon, and M. Aslam. 2010. The role of micronutrients in crop production and human health. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(4): 2565-2578.
· Jalilian, J., A. Zajafabadi, and M.R. Zardashti. 2017. Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch. Journal of Plant Interactions. 12(1): 92-99.
· Javanmard, A., M. Amani Machiani, and H. Eskandari. 2019. Evaluation of forage quantity and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) intercropping system in Maragheh rainfed conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 11(2): 435-452. (In Persian).
· Kamaraki, H., and M. Galavi. 2012. Evaluation of foliar Fe, Zn and B micronutrients application on quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agroecology. 4(3): 201-206. (In Persian).
· Kazemeini, S.A., and H. Sadeghi. 2012. Reaction of the green bean-safflower intercropping patterns to different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 31(2): 13-22. (In Persian).
· Koochecki, A., J. Shabahang, S. Khorramdel, and R. Azimi. 2013. The effect of irrigation intervals and intercropped marjoram (Origanum vulgare) with saffron (Crocus sativus) on possible cooling effect of corms for climate change adaptation. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(3): 390-400. (In Persian).
· Kumara, K., K.N. Rao, H. Veeresh, A.K. Gaddi, and A.S. Channabasavanna. 2020. Response of safflower to foliar application of micronutrient mixture. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 21(2): 26-33.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., C.A. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, and D.N. Vlachostergios. 2011 a. Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(4): 396-410.
· Lithourgidis, A.S., D.N. Vlachostergios, C.A. Dordas, and C.A. Damalas. 2011 b. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy. 34: 287-294.
· Liu, Y., W.P. Zhang, J.H. Sun, X.F. Li, P. Christie, and L. Li. 2015. High morphological and physiological plasticity of wheat roots is conducive to higher competitive ability of wheat than maize in intercropping systems. Plant and Soil. 397: 387-399
· Majnoon Hoseini, N., J. Soleymani, and H. Zeynali. 2014. Study the different proportions of strip intercropping on yield and yield components of safflower and spring chickpea. 5th National Conference of Iran Beans. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Maliro, M.F.A., D.L. Mc Neil, B. Redden, J.F. Kollmorgen, and C. Pittock. 2008. Sampling strategies and screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) germplasm for salt tolerance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 55: 53-63.
· Manjith Kumar, B.R., M. Chidenand, P.M. Mansur, and S.C. Salimath. 2009. Influence of different row proportions on yield components and yield of rabi crops under different intercropping systems. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 22(5): 1087-1089.
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