Introduction: In recent years, reducing the time intercept between competitions and increasing the level and number of competitions, has made it one of the trainers' major concerns to adopt and employ a suitable recovery method to reduce fatigue and improve performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two recovery protocols of cold water immersion and massage on the performance of young male soccer players following an exhaustive exercise session. Methods: Thirty young male soccer players were selected as statistical samples and divided into 3 groups of 10, including cold water immersion (CWI), massage (M) and passive recovery (P). 24 hours before and after an exhaustive test of simulated soccer match (90 minutes), tests of 20 m sprint, 40 m sprint, agility, vertical jump and RSA were taken from the subjects. To analyze the findings, dependent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used (p≥0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in the rate of variation in 20 m sprint and Sargent jump performances in the subjects of three groups (P≤0.05). Also, the agility of the CWI recovery group was significantly improved compared to the massage recovery group (P = 0.003). However, the repeat sprints ability in the recovery group of massage was significantly improved compared to the CWI recovery group (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Using both recovery methods of cold water immersion and massage after an exhaustive exercise session has a positive effect on the performance of young male soccer players, and if the conditions are met, then both recovery methods will probably have positive effects. تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction: A recent over expression model demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) regulates the expression of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5); a novel myokine with a potential role in stimulating brown-fat-like development in white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training with different intensities on FNDC5 protein in soleus muscle tissue of obese male Wistar rats. Methods: 24 adult rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) were divided into three groups: aerobic training with 70 to 75% Vo2max (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 80 to 85% Vo2max (high intensity) and, control group. All training groups carried out exercise training for 8 weeks running on treadmill (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). After the training period, the level of FNDC5 protein was measured. Statistical test of ANOVA was used for data analysis to determine the difference between groups and post hoc test of Tukey was used for paired comparisons (p≤0.05). Results: The levels of FNDC5 in soleus muscle tissue in both moderate intensity and high intensity aerobic training group increased significantly (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, increasing of FNDC5 as a result of eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training with moderate and high intensity, it seems that FNDC5 can mediate conversion of white to brown tissue and so affect losing weight and thermogenesis. تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction: Adhesion molecules and lipid profile play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training (aerobic-resistance) on vascular adhesion molecules and lipid profile in inactive elderly men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 elderly men were divided randomly into three equal groups: resistance group (n=10), aerobic training (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The combined training (aerobic-resistance) included running on a treadmill for 20 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week, for 8 weeks, at an intensity of 60 to 70% of HRR. Furthermore, the resistance training comprised 10 circling stationary movements of leg flexion, leg extension, leg press, scott, underarm stretch, chest press, iron cross with dumbbells, biceps flexion, triceps extension, and rowing motion with rope. This training included an intensity of 60 to 70% of one maximum repetition with extra load and 10 repetitions in 2 successive times with 30-second rest between each repetition and 2-minute rest between each movement. To make intra and between groups comparison, paired and independent sample t-test was used. Results: The levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in both aerobic (p=0.001) and resistance groups (p=0.002) rather than control group reduced significantly. The amount of LDL-C, TG, TC in both aerobic and resistance groups rather than control group reduced significantly; while the levels of HDL-C in both exercise groups increased significantly. However, a significant difference was seen between 3 groups with regard to serum TG, TC and HDL-C levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: The levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in both aerobic and resistance groups compared to control group reduced significantly. Therefore, combined training can be used as a good method to improve inflammatory markers in elderly people. تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction: The importance of changing the color of white adiposities into brown is due to the fact that it can have anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects by adjusting energy balance (by converting storage form into energy consumption). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity on adipose tissue and skeletal muscles. Methods: In this review, were searched online databases including Google Scholar, SID and PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus using the following keywords: “Training”, “Exercise”, “Physical activity”, “Mayokin”, “Adipose tissue”, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)”,“ Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)”, “Irisin” and ” Uncoupling proteins 1 (UCP-1)”. All articles including research studies, review articles, descriptive and analytical studies, and cross-sectional research, published during 1998-2017, were reviewed. Results: Based on our literature review, physical exercise can be effective as an adipose tissue activated agent in the prevention and treatment of obesity. In this regard, irisin seems to be influenced by a variety of sports activities and is a significant factor in the conversion of white to brown adipose tissues and can play a role in weight loss and increase the body thermogenesis. Conclusion: According to these studies, the expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts white adipose into brown adipose and increases the energy consumption. Regular exercise training on preventing obesity, diabetes and its complications, and improving health have already been proven; but the point is that these beneficial effects are due to the cellular-molecular mechanism is still under discussion. تفاصيل المقالة