Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the survival, growth and production of various crops and medicinal plants in the different habitats of Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on seedling growth and physiological traits in four native thyme species as (Thymus kotschyanus, T. dianensis, T. lancifolius and T. pubescens). A factorial experiment was conducted using thyme species as main factor and three levels of water stresses namely well-watered (90% of field capacity), mild (70% FC) and severe drought stress (40% FC) as the second factor based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications in 2018, Khorramabad, Iran. Data collected for 14 morpho-physiological traits of the seedlings. The result of analysis of variance showed significant effects of species and water stress levels for all of the traits (p <0.01). The species by water stress interaction effects were significant for all of the traits except, carbohydrates and peroxidase indicating that the thyme species had different responses to water stress. Results of means comparison between water stress levels showed that the values of root length, root dry weight, root volume and physiological traits, as: leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates, proline content and catalase activity were increased by drought stress and the higher values were observed in 40% FC, indicating that by increasing drought stress both root growth parameters and many physiological traits were significantly increased in all of the species, but, the leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf pigments decreased. Results of species by water stress showed that the higher values of root length were obtained in T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius in severe stress (40% FC), respectively. However, in the same species, the higher values of roots dry weights were obtained in the mild stress (70% FC), respectively. For physiological traits, the higher values of (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage, carbohydrates content and leaf pigments were obtained in T. lancifolius, indicating that this species was more tolerated to drought stress than the other species. It was concluded that species of T. daenensis and T. lacnifolius had produced longer roots in the severe drought stress. However, T. daenensis, due to higher areal part production and essential oil yield in the field, was recommended for domestication and cultivation in dryland farming system and semi-stepic rangelands of Iran. تفاصيل المقالة

The thymus is one of the most important medicinal plants in Lorestan province, Iran. In order to study the effect of plant density on the aerial dry matter (DM) yield and oil production, an experiment was conducted using two native Thyme species (Thymus kotschyanus and T. daenensis) in a split plot design based on a completely randomized block with three replications over four years (from 2016 to 2019) in Zagheh, Lorestan province, Iran. Seeds were sown in pots in the greenhouse, then seedling transferred to the field in seven-leaf stage in April 2016. The distance between the rows were 5 ‌‌‌‌ cm and between plants within the row were 25, 35, and 50 cm. This distance was corresponded to the density of 4, 6 and 8 plants/m2. Plant essential oils were extracted using Clevenger apparatus and their compounds were identified in GC-MS analysis. Data were analyzed using split plot in time and years were considered as subplots. Results of ANOVA showed significant differences between years, species and species by year interaction for many traits (p<0.05). The effect of density was significant for canopy diameter and stem number (p<0.05). Higher DM yield (2761.7 and 3332.5 Kg.h-1) and essential oil yield (44.83 and 75.28 Kg.h-1) were obtained in T. kotschyanus and T. daenensis, respectively, in the third year of study. So, essential oil production increased in T. kotschyanus over years, but in T. daenensis, it was increased up to third year, then decreased in the fourth year. In both Thyme species, the higher DM and essential oil yield were obtained in 6 and 8 plants/m² density without significant difference between these two densities. For the main compounds of essential oil, a moderate value of carvacrol (18%) and Thymol (51%) were obtained in T. kotschyanus and a lower value of carvacrol (5%) and higher value of Thymol (78%) were obtained in T. daenensis in the third year of study. Based on the obtained results, the cultivation of both species in density of 6 and 8 plants/m2 was recommended in the rain fed area and rangeland of Lorestan province, Iran. تفاصيل المقالة