In this paper, the conjugate gradient method coupled with adjoint problem is used in order to solve the inverse heat conduction problem and estimation of the time- dependent heat flux using the temperature distribution at a point in a three layer system with none homogeneous boundary conditions. Also, the effect of noisy data on final solution is studied. For solving this problem the general coordinate method is used. The inverse heat conduction problem of estimating the transient heat flux, applied on part of the boundary of an irregular region is solved in this paper. The present formulation is general and can be applied to the solution of boundary inverse heat conduction problems over any region that can be mapped into a rectangle. The obtained results for few selected examples show the good accuracy of the presented method. Also the solutions have good stability even if the input data includes noise. Applications of this model are in the thermal protect systems (t.p.s.) and heat shield systems. تفاصيل المقالة

Today, energy efficiency is one of the global requirements. The purpose of this study is thermodynamic modeling of using a horizontal heat pump system in residential houses in Shahrood climate and to investigate its effect on optimal energy consumption. For this purpose, a heat pump system was designed. Through mathematical functions and modeling equations, the technical, environmental and economic aspects of conventional systems and the proposed model were compared. In order to calculate the hot and cold design loads required in the optimization, Carrier HAP software was used. Initially, a hypothetical residential unit with an area of 96 square meters was designed using Google Sketchup software. The modeling results show that the proposed system (GSHP) is superior to conventional systems in all aspects except one, which is the initial cost of design and construction. So that the reduction of electricity consumption is 11.7% and the reduction of energy consumption is 4.4% and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is about 83%. Also, the optimal consumption of heat pump for cooling and heating in Shahrood is 2.8 and 6.3, respectively. Finally, the energy efficiency is 77%. As a result, given the rise in fossil fuel costs, rise in concerns regarding the damages to the environment, and the need of countries for sustainable development, growing tendency to this technology is not far from mind. تفاصيل المقالة