Introduction: Different kinds of chronic stress can induce various effects on body systems including the brain. One of the factors related to brain function is brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). So, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of physical stress as aerobic exercise/training and psychological stress on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in Wistar rats. Material & Methods: The study was semi experimental. 90 healthy male Wistar rats (weight 200±40 gr) were randomly divided in to 6 groups of Exercise (EX), Emotional stress (ES), Physical stress (PS), exercise combined with emotional (EXES), exercise combined with physical stress (EXPS) and control. Wistar rats were exposed to programs included one session (acute) and two weeks (chronic) aerobic training on treadmill with or without emotional and physical stress. Blood samples, for BDNF measurement, were taken 12 hours following the last session of treatment. Statistical tests of analysis of variance and follow up Bonferroni test were used for data analysis. Results: After one session of the experiment, BDNF increased significantly in the EX group compared to other groups (p<0.05). After two weeks of training, BDNF significantly decreased in the ES groups compared to other groups, while BDNF increased in EXES compared to ES (P<0.05) group. One session of EX increased BDNF compared to non-EX groups, but following two weeks, chronic ES per se reduced BDNF compared to non-ES groups. But when ES combined with EX caused increasing of BDNF. Conclusions: Present findings suggest that EX can probably prevent decreasing effect of ES on BDNF. However, future research should clarify the source of BDNF changes. تفاصيل المقالة

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Introduction: Menopause is one of the most important events in a woman's life that affects their physical and mental aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of high intensity interval trainings (HIIT) in aged ovariectomized rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 12 aged ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into two groups of six including HIIT and control. HIIT group received training for eight weeks, three sessions per week, and 9 interval (each interval 1 minute) with intensity of 90- 95% VO2max and one minute running between each interval with intensity of 50% VO2max. 24 hours after the last training session, weights, visceral fat mass, anxiety-like behaviors and depression were measured. To statistical analysis of data Shapiro- Wilk test, paired sample t- test and independent sample t-test were used (p≤ 0.05). Results: Body weight (p = 0.002), visceral fat mass (p = 0.001) and duration of immobilization (p = 0.001) in HIIT training group were significantly lower than control group and percentage of elapsed time in the open arm (p = 0.003), the percentage of number of entrance to open arms (p = 0.03) and aerobic power (p = 0.001) in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: It seems that HIIT have positive effects on the physiological and psychological factors of aged ovariectomized rats. تفاصيل المقالة

assured diagnosis of heart problems. However, the amount of this factor in response to exercise and in different times of the day is not determined. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of training time (morning and evening) on ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) plasma levels in male patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods: 15 male patients with cardiovascular disease were chosen to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Before the outset of exercise protocol under specialist supervision, pre-test blood samples were taken from subjects at 7:00 in the morning. After taking blood samples, all participants took part in an exercise test until exhaustion. This test was designed based on Bruce protocol including 7 stages and each of these 3 minute stages followed predetermined speed and grade. One week later, subjects went through the same process at 7:00 in the evening. Paired sample t- test was used to analyze and compare pre-test and post-test means of each training period (morning and evening) and compare the mean of both times in the morning and in the evening. SPSS.20 was used to analyze study data. Results: there is no significant difference between pre-test means during morning and evening exercises (P=0.292). In addition to this, no significant relation was observed between post-test mean and three-hour-after test in the morning and evening, (P=0.185) and (P=0.250), respectively. Conclusion: Based on this study it could be said that circadian rhythm and circadian cycle have no severe effect on chemical responds and cardiac risk factors. Thus, cardiovascular patients can engage in their desired exercise during morning and evening. تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction: Although resistance training and resveratrol is recommended as a stimulant for muscle regeneration in healthy subjects their effects on cancer-related cachexia indices are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of resistance training with resveratrol supplement on PAX-7 and eMHC in Gastrocnemius muscle tissue of mice bearing colon cancer induced cachexia. Methods: This was an experimental study conducted on 20 six-week-old BALB/c mice implanted with CT-26 tumor. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: resistance training, resveratrol, resveratrol with resistance training, and control. The resistance training group performed 6 weeks of progressive resistance training, the resveratrol group received 100 mg/kg resveratrol per day. 48 hours after the last experimental session, the mice were sacrificed and PAX-7 and eMHC protein levels were measured using ELISA test through specimen taken from gastrocnemius muscles. Statistical test of one way ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results: PAX-7 level was significantly lower in resveratrol with resistance training group compared to control (P=0.009), resveratrol (P=0.005), and resistance training groups (P=0.002). eMHC was significantly lower in the resistance training group compared to the control (P=0.08), resistance training, and resveratrol groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: Resistance training was not an appropriate intervention for treating reduced muscular regeneration due to cachexia. However, regarding reducing effect of resveratrol supplementation with resistance training on PAX-7 level, it may be recommended to improve muscular regeneration. تفاصيل المقالة