BACKGROUND: Sufficient nutrients supplying is one of the most important factors in realizing the crops potential performance and achieving high yield, which in conventional agriculture is provided by using chemical fertilizers. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the phosphorus and zinc sulfate fertilizers application in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province. METHODS: The statistical model was factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four amounts (0, 6, 12, 18 mg. kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three concentrations (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 g. L-1 concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) in P.V.C pots and in three replications. RESULT: The simultaneous effect of experimental factors on chlorophyll index and shoot morphological traits was significant. Root length to shoot length ratio was affected by the main effect of P2O5 fertilizer and the cultivars differences, and the effect of zinc sulfate was not significant on this trait. In most of the analysed traits, the 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate was more effective than the 8 g. L-1 concentration. The total grain weight of the three cultivars was affected by the amount of fertilizer, and the best values of this attribute belonged to the 18 mg. kg-1 triple superphosphate and 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate in Q26 cultivar. This trait (TGW) showed the most positive correlation with the plant height, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this experiment, the optimal application of P-Zn ratios by reducing the antagonism effects led to the root and shoot structure development, and increased quinoa cultivars production. تفاصيل المقالة

Fertilizer management plays an important role in obtaining satisfactory yields from maize. In addition, fertilizer management is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture and protecting the environment. This research was conducted by split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Main factor was integrated with chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels that included 100, 75, 50, 25% quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers and with zero and 100% of biological fertilizers. Sub factor was three types of maize hybrids including Single cross 704, Single cross Karon 701 (SLD 45/1/2-1× MO17), Single cross Mobin (SLD 45/1/2-1× SLH 2/29/14/2-4/1). Analysis of variance indicated effect of fertilizer on all measured traits instead seed oil percentage and chlorophyll index was significant but effect of hybrids on all traits instead seed protein percentage was not significant. Interaction effect of treatments on seed yield, seed protein percentage and seed oil percentage was significant at 5% and 1% probability level, respectively. According result of mean comparison effect of different level of fertilizer treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had highest amount of Biological yield (26.49 t.ha-1), harvest index (56.71%), protein yield (1.19 t.ha-1), oil yield (1.18 t.ha-1), and chlorophyll index (53.04), although hybrid SC.704 by 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had higher seed yield (15.14 t.ha-1), seed protein percentage (9.98%) and seed oil percentage (9.48%). Finally according result of this research use up biological fertilizers with half the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers is the greatest help towards sustainable agriculture. تفاصيل المقالة

This research set out to evaluate the effect of combined biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on some corn hybrids. To this end an experiment was conducted as split plot on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were included: use of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels: 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer and sub plots included three corn hybrids: single cross 704 hybrid, Mobin hybrid and Karoun hybrid. Chemical fertilizers used included urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin for biological fertilizer. Results showed that Karoun hybrid in 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer treatment had the highest grain yield, and biological yield and protein percent and the lowest number of grain per row, grain yield, plant height and biological yield belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid treatment. Highest 1000 grain weight belonged to Karoun hybrid and the lowest protein percent was in Mobin hybrid. Finally results revealed that single cross 704 and Karoun hybrids in number of grain per row and protein yield and Mobin hybrid and single cross 704 in 1000-grain weight were not significantly different. Single cross 704 hybrid only in protein percent was higher than other hybrids. Finally consummation of biological fertilizers with 50% organic fertilizer produced the highest grain yield. تفاصيل المقالة

Fertilizer management is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture and protecting the environment. To evaluate the effect of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative traits of corn hybrids a farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in 2013. Main plots were Included: use of the chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels (F1: 100% urea + 0% Nitroxin; F2:75% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F3:50% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F4: 25% urea + 100% Nitroxin) and the sub plots consisted three maize hybrids (H1: Single Cross 704, H2: Mobin, H3: Karoun). According result of analysis of variance effect of fertilizer treatments on seed yield,100 seed weight, number of seed per unit area and oil yield was significant at 1% probability level, but effect of hybrid on all measured traits (instead oil percentage and oil yield) was significant. Also interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead number of rows per ear) was significant. The mean comparison results indicated that the highest seed yield and 100 seed weight was belonged to 50% urea with 100% Nitroxin application treatment, also between different hybrids the highest seed yield and 100 seed weight belonged to Karoun. Interaction effect of treatments revealed the treatments of chemical fertilizer (50%) +biological fertilizer (100%) + single cross 701 (Karoun) had highest seed yield and can be advised to farmers. According to result of factor analysis five independent factors justify 98.5% of the data changes and the number of seed per row and number of seed per area was positively correlated with seed yield and the difference in yield among the studied populations was mainly due to the diversity of number of seed per area. تفاصيل المقالة

Bio-fertilizers are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize plantroots and benefit plants by providing growth promotion. This investigation was aimedat determining the effect of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application on growth, inoculationand yield production of corn hybrids. An experiment was conducted as split plot on thebasis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were Included:use of the chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels (F1: 100% urea +0% Nitroxin; F2:75% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F3: 50% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F4: 25%urea + 100% Nitroxin) and the sub plots included three maize hybrids (H1: SingleCross 704 hybrid, H2: Mobin hybrid, H3: Karoun hybrid). Chemical fertilizers usedincluded urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin as biologicalfertilizer. The results showed that the highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight wasallocated to 50% urea with 100% Nitroxin application. Single cross 704 at the level of100% chemical fertilizer had the highest number of seeds per ear, number of seeds perrow and inoculation percentage. Seed yield had positive and significant correlationwith seed number per ear, number of seed per row, seed weight and ear length. Alsolength of ear without a seed trait had the significant negative correlation by number ofseed per row and ear length at 5% probability level, which shows a decrease length ofear without a seed by increasing ear length and seed number per row. Finally applicationof N fertilizer level at 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer andKaroun hybrid was recommended. تفاصيل المقالة

توزیع و پراکنش مناسب ریشه جذب عناصر غذایی را تسهیل نموده و منجر به بهبود عملکرد گیاهان زراعی می شود. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی ساختار ریشه و شاخساره ارقام کینوا در پاسخ به کاربرد عناصر فسفر و روی در مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه فاکتور شامل کاربرد کود شیمیایی سوپرفسفات تریپل در 4 سطح (صفر، 6، 12 و 18 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خاک)، محلول پاشی سولفات روی در 3 مقدار (آب بدون سولفات روی (شاهد)، محلول پاشی با غلظت 4 و 8 در هزار) و سه رقم کینوا (Giza 1، Q26، Titicaca) در سه تکرار در گلدان اجرا شد. یافته ها نشان داد پارامترهای ریشه نظیر وزن خشک ریشه، عرض ریشه، قطر ریشه، فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه و نسبت وزن ریشه به اندام هوایی تحت تاثیر سطوح کود فسفره و ارقام کینوا قرار گرفت (P≤0.01) و برگ پاشی سولفات روی تنها بر وزن خشک ریشه، عرض ریشه، فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه، چگالی ریشه، نسبت وزن ریشه به اندام هوایی و پارامترهای اندام هوایی اثر معنی دار ایجاد نمود. رقم Q26 به عنوان برترین رقم از نظر توسعه ساختار ریشه ای شناسایی شد که در سطوح کاربرد 18 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خاک فسفر و غلظت 4 در هزار سولفات روی بیشترین وزن خشک ریشه (3/23 گرم در بوته)، عرض ریشه (18/06 سانتی متر) و فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه (53/23) را دارا بود. در این سطوح مصرف عناصر، بیشترین تعداد دانه در بوته (4542) در رقم Q26 حاصل گردید. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، کاربرد بهینه عناصر با کاهش اثرات آنتاگونیسمی و افزایش اثرات سینرژیستی عناصر فسفر و روی منجر به توسعه ساختار ریشه ای، بهبود جذب عناصر و افزایش مولفه های تولید ارقام کینوا شد. تفاصيل المقالة