When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader–member exchange on employee envy and job satisfaction
Subject Areas : Behavioral Studies in Management
Yousef Khalifeh
1
,
Zahra Alipourdarvishi
2
,
Nader Sheikholeslamikandelousi
3
1 - Ph.D. Student of human resources Management, faculty of management and social sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran north branch, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate professor, department of business management, faculty of management and social sciences, Islamic Azad university, Tehran north branch, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Assistant professor, Department of Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Job satisfaction, leader-member exchange, employee envy,
Abstract :
Objectives: in today’s highly competitive business world, job satisfaction and productivity are of paramount importance. The effects of leader-member exchange when employees work as an interactive team, has a great effect on job satisfaction and productivity. Workplace envy is one of the factors that might affect job satisfaction. This research examines the mediating role of employee envy between leader-member exchange and job satisfaction.Methods: using standard questionnaires, we examined the opinion of a sample of 141 employees of Port and Marine Organization of Bushehr province. For data analysis we used factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory), and structural equation modeling.Findings: supervisors can do a better job decreasing employees’ emotional burden. if envy can be controlled and managed effectively, positive interaction of leader-member exchange, increases job satisfaction.conclusion: the results show direct effect of LMX on job satisfaction. The higher-quality LMX relationship, the more job satisfaction. The results show that employee envy has no effect on job satisfaction and other factors regardless of envy may cause job satisfaction. The result also shows that LMX has a strong effect on employee envy.
References:
بروس ای.شرتزر (1369)، بررسی و برنامه‌ریزی زندگی شغلی، زندی پور، تهران، چاپ اول، ص 207
شفیع‌آبادی، عبدالله (1376)، راهنمایی و مشاوره شغلی و حرفه‌ای، تهران، رشد، چاپ اول، ص 3
طبرسی، غلامعلی، رضاییان، علی، فلکی، پریسا (1398). بررسی رابطه بین آوای کارکنان و پیامدهای رضایت شغلی به‌واسطه نقش تعدیلی تبادل رهبر- عضو، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 11 (4)، 661-681
علم بیگی، امیر، آهنگری، اسماعیل، عزیزی، سعیده (1393). واکاوی روابط بین تبادل رهبر- عضو (LMX)، فرهنگ یادگیری سازمانی و تعهد سازمانی کارکنان، موردمطالعه: کارشناسان کشاورزی استان مرکزی، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 6(4)، 819-837
علم بیگی، امیر، احمد، رضوان فر، صاحبدل، سینا (400). تحلیل اثر ناهمگونی نقش رهبری در کیفیت زندگی کاری کارکنان ترویج کشاورزی با استفاده از الگوریتم بخش‌بندی ترکیب محدود FIMI، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران،52(1)، 143-158
قلی پور، آرین، محمد اسماعیلی، ندا،، پارسا، فریبا (1397). بررسی تأثیر مبادله رهبر- پیرو بر حسادت سازمانی (مطالعه موردی: کارکنان ستاد بانک ملی ایران)، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 10(3)، 415-442
محمد زاده، عباس، مهروژان، آرمن (1375)، رفتار سازمانی نگرش اقتضایی، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، چاپ اول، ص 274 تا 279
Aryee, S. & Chen, Z.X. (2006). Leader-member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, Vol.59, p794.
Ben-Ze’ev, A. Oatley )1996(. The international and social nature of human emotions: Reconsideration of distinction of between basic and non- basic emotions. Journal for the Theory Social Behavior, 26, 81-94.
Bolino, M. C. & Turnley, W. H. (2009). Relative deprivation among employees in lower-quality leader-member exchange relationships. Leadership Quarterly, 20, 276–286.
Chernyak-Hai, L. & Tziner, A. (2012). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs): socio-psychological antecedents and consequences. International Review of Social Psychology, 25 (3/4), 53-92.
Chin-Yi Shu, Jangul Lazatkhan. (2017). Effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and work behavior moderated by self-esteem and neuroticism. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33 (2017) 69–81.
Cohen-Charash, Y. Mueller, J.S. )2007(. Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (3), 666–680.
Dae-Seok Kang. Jim Stewart. (2007). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX): Theory of Leadership and HRD: Development of Units of Theory and Laws of Interaction. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28(6), 531-551
Danica, T. Hooper, Robin, Martin. (2008). Beyond personal Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) quality: The effects of perceived LMX variability on employee reactions. The Leadership Quarterly,19(1) 20–30
Dansereau, F. Graen, G.B. Haga, W. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership in formal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 13, 46–78.
Dina, Leheta and et al. (2016). The view over one's shoulder: The causes and consequences of leader's envy of followers. The Leadership Quarterly http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.12.002.
Dormann, C. Zapf, D. (2001). Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior 22, 483–504.
Duarte, N.T. Goodson, J.R. Klich, N.R. )1994(. Effect of dyadic quality and duration on performance appraisal. Academy of Management Journal 37 (3), 499–521.
Duffy, M. K. Shaw, J. D. & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008). Envy in organizational life. In R. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 167–189). Oxford, UK: Oxford Press.
Frone, M.R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (2), 246–255.
Ganegoda, D.B. Bordia, P. (2019). I can be happy for you, but not all the time: a contingency model of envy and positive empathy in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology 104 (6), 776–795.
Graen, G.B. Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly 6, 219–247
Griffeth, R.W. Hom, P.W. Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management 26 (3), 463–488.
Harris, K.J. Kacmar, M. Witt, L.A. )2005(. An examination of the curvilinear relationship between leader–member exchange and intent to turnover. Journal of organizational Behavior 26 (4), 363–378
Herman H.M. Tse. Neal M. Ashkanasy. Marie, T. Dasborough. (2012). Relative leader–member exchange, negative affectivity and socialidentification: A moderated-mediation examination, The Leadership Quarterly 23 (2012) 354–366.
Hsiung, H. H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 349–361.
Iffaldano, M.T. Muchinski, P.M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: a metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin 97, 251–273.
Janaki Gooty. Jane Shumski Thomas. Francis J. Yammarino. Jayoung, Kim. (2019). Positive and negative emotional tone convergence: An empiricalexamination of associations with leader and follower LMX. The Leadership Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.03.002.
Jen-Te, Yang. (2010). Antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 29 (2010) 609–619.
Judge, T.A. Bono, J.E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits–self-esteem, ge, T.A., Bono, J.E., 2001
Judge, T.A. Bono, J.E. Locke, E.A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: the mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2), 237–349.
Judith, Volmer. Daniel, Spurk. Cornelia, Niessen. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 456-465.
Lam, T. Zhang, H.Q. (2003). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Hong Kong fast food industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 15 (4/5), 214–220.
Lange, J. & Crusius, J. (2015). Dispositional envy revisited: Unraveling the motivational dynamics of benign and malicious envy. Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 41, 284–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167214564959
Liao, H. Liu, D. Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: a social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal 53 (5), 1090–1109.
Liden, R. C. Erdogan, B. Wayne, S. J. & Sparrowe, R. T. (2006). Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(6), 723–746.
Liden, R. C. Wayne, S. J. & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407–416.
Lowry, D.S. Simon, A. Kimberley, N. (2002). Toward improved employment relation practices of casual employees in the New South Wales registered clubs industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly 13 (1), 53–70.
M.Gökhan, Bitmis. Azize, Ergeneli. (2011). Contingency approach to strategic management: a test of the mediating effect of leader member exchange on the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction in 21st century workplace. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 24 (2011) 1143–1153.
Martin, E. (2004). Who’s kicking whom? Employees’ orientations to work. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16 (3), 183–189.
Menon, T. Thompson, L. )2007(. Don’t hate me because I’m beautiful: self-enhancing biases in threat appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 104, 45–60.
Milan, Nikolic. Jelena, Vukonjanski. Milena, Nedeljkovic. Olga, Hadzic. Edit, Terek. (2013). The impact of internal communication satisfaction dimensions on job satisfaction dimensions and the moderating role of LMX. Public Relations Review 39, 563–565.
Omilion-Hodges. Leah, M. & Colin R. Baker. (2013). Contextualizing LMX within the workgroup: The effects of LMX and justice on relationship quality and resource sharing among peers. The Leadership Quarterly 24, 935–951
Oya, Erdil. Büşra, Müceldili. (2014). The Effects of Envy on Job Engagement and Turnover Intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 150, 447 – 454.
Rayton, B.A. (2006). Examining the interconnection of job satisfaction and organizational commitment: an application of the bivariate probit model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (1), 139–154.
Saks, M. A. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 610–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Schirmer, L.L. Lopez, F.G. (2001). Probing the social support and work strain relationship among adult workers: contributions of adult attachment orientations. Journal of Vocational Behavior 59 (1), 17–33.
Schyns, B. Croon, M.A. (2006). A model of task demands, social structure, and leadermember exchange and their relationship to job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (4), 602–615.
Seers, A. Graen, G.B. (1984). The dual attachment model: a longitudinal investigation of the combination of task characteristics and leader-member exchange. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 33 (1), 283–306.
Sherony, K.M. Green, S.G. )2002(. Coworker exchange: relationships between coworkers, leader–member exchange, and work attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (3), 542–548.
Silva, P. (2006). Effects of disposition on hospitality employee job satisfaction and commitment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18 (4), 317–328.
Smith R. H. Kim S.H. (2007) Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin,133: 46:64
Sparks, J.R. Schenk, J.A. (2001). Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: an investigation on the effects of higher-order motives in multilevel marketing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 22 (3), 849–869.
Stepina, L.P. Perrewe, P.L. Hassell, B.L. Harris, J.R. Mayfield, C.R. (1991). A comparative test of the independent effects of interpersonal, task, and reward domains on personal and organizational outcomes. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6 (1), 93–104.
Stinglhamber,Florence. Caesens,Gaetane. Chalmagne,Benoit. Demoulin,Staphanie. Maurage,Pierre. (2021). Leader-member exchange and organizational dehumanization: The role of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.01.006
T. Brad. Harris, Ning. Li, Bradley. L. Kirkman. (2013). Leader–member exchange (LMX) in context: How LMX differentiation and LMX relational separation attenuate LMX's influence on OCB and turnover intention. The Leadership Quarterly
Tai K. Narayanan J. McAllister, D. J. (2012) Envy as Pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implictions for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review 37 (1),107-129.
Wagner, Bettina. Koob, Clemens. (2022) The relationship between leader-member exchange and work engagement in social work: A mediation analysis of job resources, Heliyon 8, e08793.
Williams, L.J. Hazer, J.T. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction andcommitment in turnover models: a reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology 71 (2), 219–231.
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بروس ای.شرتزر (1369)، بررسی و برنامه‌ریزی زندگی شغلی، زندی پور، تهران، چاپ اول، ص 207
شفیع‌آبادی، عبدالله (1376)، راهنمایی و مشاوره شغلی و حرفه‌ای، تهران، رشد، چاپ اول، ص 3
طبرسی، غلامعلی، رضاییان، علی، فلکی، پریسا (1398). بررسی رابطه بین آوای کارکنان و پیامدهای رضایت شغلی به‌واسطه نقش تعدیلی تبادل رهبر- عضو، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 11 (4)، 661-681
علم بیگی، امیر، آهنگری، اسماعیل، عزیزی، سعیده (1393). واکاوی روابط بین تبادل رهبر- عضو (LMX)، فرهنگ یادگیری سازمانی و تعهد سازمانی کارکنان، موردمطالعه: کارشناسان کشاورزی استان مرکزی، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 6(4)، 819-837
علم بیگی، امیر، احمد، رضوان فر، صاحبدل، سینا (400). تحلیل اثر ناهمگونی نقش رهبری در کیفیت زندگی کاری کارکنان ترویج کشاورزی با استفاده از الگوریتم بخش‌بندی ترکیب محدود FIMI، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران،52(1)، 143-158
قلی پور، آرین، محمد اسماعیلی، ندا،، پارسا، فریبا (1397). بررسی تأثیر مبادله رهبر- پیرو بر حسادت سازمانی (مطالعه موردی: کارکنان ستاد بانک ملی ایران)، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 10(3)، 415-442
محمد زاده، عباس، مهروژان، آرمن (1375)، رفتار سازمانی نگرش اقتضایی، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، چاپ اول، ص 274 تا 279
Aryee, S. & Chen, Z.X. (2006). Leader-member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, Vol.59, p794.
Ben-Ze’ev, A. Oatley )1996(. The international and social nature of human emotions: Reconsideration of distinction of between basic and non- basic emotions. Journal for the Theory Social Behavior, 26, 81-94.
Bolino, M. C. & Turnley, W. H. (2009). Relative deprivation among employees in lower-quality leader-member exchange relationships. Leadership Quarterly, 20, 276–286.
Chernyak-Hai, L. & Tziner, A. (2012). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs): socio-psychological antecedents and consequences. International Review of Social Psychology, 25 (3/4), 53-92.
Chin-Yi Shu, Jangul Lazatkhan. (2017). Effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and work behavior moderated by self-esteem and neuroticism. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33 (2017) 69–81.
Cohen-Charash, Y. Mueller, J.S. )2007(. Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (3), 666–680.
Dae-Seok Kang. Jim Stewart. (2007). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX): Theory of Leadership and HRD: Development of Units of Theory and Laws of Interaction. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28(6), 531-551
Danica, T. Hooper, Robin, Martin. (2008). Beyond personal Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) quality: The effects of perceived LMX variability on employee reactions. The Leadership Quarterly,19(1) 20–30
Dansereau, F. Graen, G.B. Haga, W. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership in formal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 13, 46–78.
Dina, Leheta and et al. (2016). The view over one's shoulder: The causes and consequences of leader's envy of followers. The Leadership Quarterly http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.12.002.
Dormann, C. Zapf, D. (2001). Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior 22, 483–504.
Duarte, N.T. Goodson, J.R. Klich, N.R. )1994(. Effect of dyadic quality and duration on performance appraisal. Academy of Management Journal 37 (3), 499–521.
Duffy, M. K. Shaw, J. D. & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008). Envy in organizational life. In R. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 167–189). Oxford, UK: Oxford Press.
Frone, M.R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (2), 246–255.
Ganegoda, D.B. Bordia, P. (2019). I can be happy for you, but not all the time: a contingency model of envy and positive empathy in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology 104 (6), 776–795.
Graen, G.B. Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly 6, 219–247
Griffeth, R.W. Hom, P.W. Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management 26 (3), 463–488.
Harris, K.J. Kacmar, M. Witt, L.A. )2005(. An examination of the curvilinear relationship between leader–member exchange and intent to turnover. Journal of organizational Behavior 26 (4), 363–378
Herman H.M. Tse. Neal M. Ashkanasy. Marie, T. Dasborough. (2012). Relative leader–member exchange, negative affectivity and socialidentification: A moderated-mediation examination, The Leadership Quarterly 23 (2012) 354–366.
Hsiung, H. H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 349–361.
Iffaldano, M.T. Muchinski, P.M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: a metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin 97, 251–273.
Janaki Gooty. Jane Shumski Thomas. Francis J. Yammarino. Jayoung, Kim. (2019). Positive and negative emotional tone convergence: An empiricalexamination of associations with leader and follower LMX. The Leadership Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.03.002.
Jen-Te, Yang. (2010). Antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 29 (2010) 609–619.
Judge, T.A. Bono, J.E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits–self-esteem, ge, T.A., Bono, J.E., 2001
Judge, T.A. Bono, J.E. Locke, E.A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: the mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2), 237–349.
Judith, Volmer. Daniel, Spurk. Cornelia, Niessen. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 456-465.
Lam, T. Zhang, H.Q. (2003). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Hong Kong fast food industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 15 (4/5), 214–220.
Lange, J. & Crusius, J. (2015). Dispositional envy revisited: Unraveling the motivational dynamics of benign and malicious envy. Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 41, 284–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167214564959
Liao, H. Liu, D. Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: a social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal 53 (5), 1090–1109.
Liden, R. C. Erdogan, B. Wayne, S. J. & Sparrowe, R. T. (2006). Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(6), 723–746.
Liden, R. C. Wayne, S. J. & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407–416.
Lowry, D.S. Simon, A. Kimberley, N. (2002). Toward improved employment relation practices of casual employees in the New South Wales registered clubs industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly 13 (1), 53–70.
M.Gökhan, Bitmis. Azize, Ergeneli. (2011). Contingency approach to strategic management: a test of the mediating effect of leader member exchange on the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction in 21st century workplace. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 24 (2011) 1143–1153.
Martin, E. (2004). Who’s kicking whom? Employees’ orientations to work. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16 (3), 183–189.
Menon, T. Thompson, L. )2007(. Don’t hate me because I’m beautiful: self-enhancing biases in threat appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 104, 45–60.
Milan, Nikolic. Jelena, Vukonjanski. Milena, Nedeljkovic. Olga, Hadzic. Edit, Terek. (2013). The impact of internal communication satisfaction dimensions on job satisfaction dimensions and the moderating role of LMX. Public Relations Review 39, 563–565.
Omilion-Hodges. Leah, M. & Colin R. Baker. (2013). Contextualizing LMX within the workgroup: The effects of LMX and justice on relationship quality and resource sharing among peers. The Leadership Quarterly 24, 935–951
Oya, Erdil. Büşra, Müceldili. (2014). The Effects of Envy on Job Engagement and Turnover Intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 150, 447 – 454.
Rayton, B.A. (2006). Examining the interconnection of job satisfaction and organizational commitment: an application of the bivariate probit model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (1), 139–154.
Saks, M. A. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 610–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Schirmer, L.L. Lopez, F.G. (2001). Probing the social support and work strain relationship among adult workers: contributions of adult attachment orientations. Journal of Vocational Behavior 59 (1), 17–33.
Schyns, B. Croon, M.A. (2006). A model of task demands, social structure, and leadermember exchange and their relationship to job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (4), 602–615.
Seers, A. Graen, G.B. (1984). The dual attachment model: a longitudinal investigation of the combination of task characteristics and leader-member exchange. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 33 (1), 283–306.
Sherony, K.M. Green, S.G. )2002(. Coworker exchange: relationships between coworkers, leader–member exchange, and work attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (3), 542–548.
Silva, P. (2006). Effects of disposition on hospitality employee job satisfaction and commitment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18 (4), 317–328.
Smith R. H. Kim S.H. (2007) Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin,133: 46:64
Sparks, J.R. Schenk, J.A. (2001). Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: an investigation on the effects of higher-order motives in multilevel marketing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 22 (3), 849–869.
Stepina, L.P. Perrewe, P.L. Hassell, B.L. Harris, J.R. Mayfield, C.R. (1991). A comparative test of the independent effects of interpersonal, task, and reward domains on personal and organizational outcomes. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6 (1), 93–104.
Stinglhamber,Florence. Caesens,Gaetane. Chalmagne,Benoit. Demoulin,Staphanie. Maurage,Pierre. (2021). Leader-member exchange and organizational dehumanization: The role of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.01.006
T. Brad. Harris, Ning. Li, Bradley. L. Kirkman. (2013). Leader–member exchange (LMX) in context: How LMX differentiation and LMX relational separation attenuate LMX's influence on OCB and turnover intention. The Leadership Quarterly
Tai K. Narayanan J. McAllister, D. J. (2012) Envy as Pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implictions for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review 37 (1),107-129.
Wagner, Bettina. Koob, Clemens. (2022) The relationship between leader-member exchange and work engagement in social work: A mediation analysis of job resources, Heliyon 8, e08793.
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