Developmental Quotient, Anxiety and Depression in Urban and Rural Students
Subject Areas : روانشناسی تحولی
Maede Ranjbar
1
(MA in Clinical Psychology Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch)
Susan Rahimzadeh
2
(PhD
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch)
Keywords: Depression, anxiety, developmental quotient, urban, rural,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to compare intellectual development quotient, symptoms of anxiety and depression in urban and rural elementary school students in Babol. 90 urban students (47 girls and 43 boys) and 90 rural students (47 girls and 43 boys) from the first to the sixth grade of elementary school were selected by available (voluntary) method and draw a person test (Royer, 1984, quoted by the dadsetan, 1395) were drawn. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that intellectual development quotient (F = 0.051 and P <0.05) did not differ between the two groups of urban and rural elementary school students, but the symptoms of anxiety (F = 7.974 and 0.01). P <0) and depression (F = 12.295 and P <0.001) are more in rural students than urban students. And residence status is able to explain 4% of the variance of anxiety and 6% of the variance of depression is the difference between the two groups. In the end, emphasis was placed on educational and training changes along with socio-economic changes.
Albano, A. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2002). Cognitive behav- ioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorder: Clinical research advances. International Re- view of Psychiatry, 14(2), 129- 134.
Alegria, M., Canino, G., Lai, S., Ramirez, R. R., Chavez, L., Rusch, D., & Shrout, P. E. (2004). Understanding Caregivers Help-Seeking for Latino Childrens Mental Health Care Use. Medical Care, 42(5) 447–455.
Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Farmer, E. M. Z., Fairbank, J. A., Burns, B. J., Keeler, G., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Psy- chiatric Disorder, Impairment, and Service Use in Ru- ral African American and White Youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 893- 901.
Barbey, A. K. (2018). Network Neuroscience theory of hu- man intelligence. Trends in Cognitive sciences, 22(1), .8-20
Besharat, M. A., Farahmand, H., & Lavasani, M. G. (2018). The Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Perfectionism Pathologies and Depression/Anxiety Symptoms. Developmental Psy- chology: Iranian Psychologists, 14(55), 247-235.
Brett, A., Smith, M., Price, E., & Huitt, W. (2003). Over- view of the affective domain. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
Burneo-Garcés, C., Cruz-Quintana, F., Pérez-García, M., Fernández-Alcántara, M., Fasfous, A., & Pérez-Marfil, M. N. (2018). Interaction between Socioeconomic Sta- tus and Cognitive Development in Children Aged 7, 9,
and 11 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study. Developmental Neuropsychology. 44(1). 1–16.
Cartwright-hatton. S., McNally. D., White. C., & Verduyn. C. (2005). Parent skill training: An effective interven- tion for internalizing symptoms in younger children. Child Adolesc Psychiat Nursing, 18(2), 45-52.
Caxaj C. S. (2016). A Review of Mental Health Approach- es for Rural Communities: Complexities and Oppor- tunities in the Canadian Context. Community Mental Health. 35(1), 29-45.
Cherney, I. D., Seiwert. C. S., Dickey. T. M., & Flichtbeil, J, D. (2006). Childrens drawings: a mirror to their minds. Educational Psychology, 26(1), 127-142.
Clark, K. D. (2000). Urban Middle School Teachers’ Use of Instructional technology. Research on Computing in Education, 33(2), 178–195.
Clayton, B.D., & Dent, D. (2005). Rural planning in de- veloping countries, London: Earthscan Publication Ltd.
Cole, T. J. (2000). Secular trends in growth. Proceeding of the Nutrition Society, 59(02), 317-324.
Cubukcu, E., Kahraman, D. E., & Yavasal, O. (2018). Comparing the lifestyles and environmental percep- tions of rural and urban children: a case study in turkey. Housing and the Built Environment.
Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran (2019). History of Mazandaran. https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki
Curran, F. C. (2017). Teach for America placement and teacher vacancies: Evidence from the Mississippi Del- ta. Teachers College Record, 119(2), 1–24.
Dadsetan, P. (2014). A selection of Major Theories of De- velopmental Psychology. Tehran: Samt dl
Dadsetan, P. (2010). Developmental Psychopatology Fram Infancy through Adoulthood, 11th edition, Tehran: Samt Publications.
Dadsetan, P. (2016). Evaluation of children’s personality based on drawing tests. Tehran: Roshd Publications.
Davoudi, S., & Stead, D. (2002). Urban-Rural relation- ships: an introduction and a brief history. Built Environ- ment, 28(4), 269-277.
De Vito, A., Calamia, M., Greening, S., & Roye, S. (2017). The association of anxiety, depression, and worry
symptoms on cognitive performance in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(2) 161-1
Dorosti Motlaq, A., Safarpour, P., Hosseini, M., Moama, N., & Safarpour, H. (2014). The role of socio-eco- nomic factors on primary school students, intelligence quotient in Bandar Anzali. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 7(4), 770-761.
Dutton, E., Bakhiet, S. F., Ziada, K. E., Essa, Y. A. S., Ali, H, A, A., & Alqafari, S. M. (2018). Regional differenc- es in intelligence in Egypt: a country where upper is lower. Biosocial Science, 51(2), 273-278.
Ensani-Mehr, N., Pourhossein, R., & Gholamali-Lavasani, M. (2019 The Development of Children’s Visual Per- ception and Projection: Iranian Psychologists, 15(60), .353-345
Farhadi, A., & Pouretemad, H. (2008). Signs of aggression in draw test in nine-year-old boys. Principles of Mental Health, 3(39), 199-270.
Gulati, S. (2008). Technology-Enhanced Learning in De- veloping Nations: A review. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(1), .1-16
Gutman, L. M., Sameroff, A. J. & Cole, R. (2003). Aca- demic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and pre- school child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), .790–777
Heckman, J.J. (2018). Skill formation and the econom- ics of investing in disadvantaged children. New York: Westview Press.
Hermida, M. J., Shalom, D. E., Segretin, M, S., Goldin, A. P., Abri, M. C., Lipina, S. J., & Sigman, M. (2019). Risks for child cognitive development in rural contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(9), 27-35.
Herselman, M. E. (2003). ICT in Rural Areas in South Af- rica: Various Case Studies. Proceedings of Informing Science, 32(2), 945-955.
Hippe, J., Maddalena, V., Heath, S., Jesso, B., McCahon,
M., & Olson, K. (2014). Access to health services in Western New-foundland, Canada: Issues barriers and recommendations emerging from a community-engaged research project. Community Research and En- 48 gagement. 7(1), 67-84.
Jiang, R., Calhoun, D., Fan, L., Zuo, N., Jung, R., Qi, S., Lin, D., Li, J., Zhuo, C., Song, M., Fu, Z., Jiang, T., & Sui, J. (2019). Gender differences in connectome-based predictions of individualized intelligence quotient and sub-domain scores. Cerebral Cortex, 1-13.
Khani, Z., Besharat, M. A., & Farahani, H. (2020). The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation in the Rela- tionship Between Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety Symptoms. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psy- chologists, 17(66), 117-130.
Khodayari-Fard, S., Abedin, A., Yeke-Yazdan-Doost, R., Pourshahriari, M., & Gharaei, B. (2007). Comparing the results of drawing projection tests in children who have been subjected to child abuse with normal chil- dren. Family Studies, 3(9), 469-456.
Kumari, P. L. (2020). A Comparative study on intellectual abilities of rural and urban preschoolers. International Journal of Home Science, 6(2): 242-244.
Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological science in the public interest, 1(2), 27–66.
Lloyd, J. E.V., & Hertzman, C. (2010). How neighbor- hoods matter for rural and urban children’s language and cognitive development at kindergarten and Grade 4. Community Psychology, 38(3), 293-313.
Lyneham, H., & Rapee, R. M. (2007). Childhood anxiety in rural and urban area: presentation, impact and help seeking. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 108- .118
Miller, P., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2013). Early academic skills and childhood experiences across the urban-ru- ral continuum. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, .234-248 ,)2(28
Paul, L. A., Gray, M. J., Elhai, J. D., Massad, P. M., & Stamm, B. H. (2006). Promotion of Evidence-Based Practices for Child Traumatic Stress in Rural Popula- tions. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(4), 260–273.
Roberts, J. E., Burchinal, M., & Durham, M. (1999). Par- ents’ Report of Vocabulary and Grammatical Develop- ment of African American Preschoolers: Child and En- vironmental Associations. Child Development, 70(1), .106–92
Romans, S., Cohen, M., & Forte, T. (2010). Rate of depres-
sion and anxiety in urban and rural Canada. Social Psy- chiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(7), 567-575.
Sengonul, T. (2021). The adverse role of poverty in the socialization processes in the family and in the cogni- tive development of children and school performance. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11(2), .01-13
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psy- chology: Childhood and adolescence. USA, Belmont: Wadsworth.
Sherkuzi kizi Yuldasheva, N. (2021). Comoarison of chil- dren’s intellectual development who live in rural and urban areas. EPRA International Journal of Multidisci- plinary Research, 7(6), 494-497.
Shuls, J. V. (2018). School finance in rural America. In M. Q. McShane & A. Smarick (Eds.), No longer forgotten: The triumphs and struggles of rural education in Amer- ica. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tikhodeyv, O. N., & Shcherbakova, O. V. (2019). The problem of non-shared environment in behavioral ge- netics. Behavior Genetics, 49(3), 259-269.
Tucker-Drob, E. M., Rhemtulla, M., Harden, K. P., Turk- heimer, E., & Fask, D. (2010). Emergence of a Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Infant Mental Ability between 10 Months and 2 Years. Psychologi- cal Science, 22(1), 125–133.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1990). Health care in rural America OTA-H-434. Wash- ington, DC.
Weaver, A., himle, J. A., Taylor, R. J., Matusko, N. N., & Abelson, J. M. (2015). Urban vs rural residence and the prevalence of depression and mood disorder among African women and non-hispanic white women. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(6), 576.
Wiesel, R. L., & Hershkovitz, D. (2000). Detecting violent aggressive behavior among male prisoners through the MACHOVER DRAW-A- PERSON test. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 27(3), 171- 177.
Williams, T. O., Fall, A. M., Eaves, R. C., & Woods- Groves, S. (2006). The reliability of scores for the draw-a-person intellectual ability test for children, ado- lescents, and adults. Psychoeducational Assessment,144–137 ,(2)24.
