Occupational Exposure to Metal Working Fluids and Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review
Zahra Moradpour
1
(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran)
Mahdi Jalali
2
(Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran)
Sajjad Farhadi
3
(Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran)
Masoomeh Vahabi Shekarloo
4
(Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences)
Seyed Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi
5
(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran)
Zahra Sedaghat
6
(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran)
Mohammad Reza Taherian
7
(Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)
Ghasem Hesam
8
(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: Metalworking fluids, Bladder cancer, Review, SMR,
Abstract :
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex compounds of oils and chemical additives widely used to cool and lubricate metal machining operations. When sprayed, MWF produces concentrations up to twice the allowable level of US ambient air pollution standards. The study was designed to assess possible relationships between occupational exposure to MWFs and the risk of bladder cancer. Literature entered the study was published from February 2000 to 2021 and provides information on exposure to metalworking fluids and the risk of bladder cancer. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences from 2000 to 2021. The following subject and keywords were used in the search: “bladder cancer” and “metalworking fluids”. Out of 8 studies, 4 were case-control and 4 were cohort and all of them had high NOS scores. The strong exposure-response relationship between bladder cancer and metalworking fluids reinforces the evidence for MWFs as a bladder carcinogen. The literature review in this study also shows that smoking can increase the risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to metalworking fluids.
1. Moradpour Z., Ramezanifar S., Asgari Gandomani E., Zendehdel R., 2022. Semi-quantitative Respiratory Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Metalworking Fluids (Oil Mists) in an Automotive Industry. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 12(0), 0-0
2. EPA., 2014. air pollution standards. In National ambient air quality standards for ozone. US ambient air pollution standards. The US.
3. Mirer F.E., 2010. New evidence on the health hazards and control of metalworking fluids since completion of the OSHA advisory committee report. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 53(8), 792-801.
4. Calvert G.M., Ward E., Schnorr T.M., Fine L.J., 1998. Cancer risks among workers exposed to metalworking fluids: a systematic review. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 33(3), 282-292.
5. Park R.M., 2018. Risk assessment for metalworking fluids and cancer outcomes. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 61(3), 198-203.
6. Colin R., Grzebyk M., Wild P., Hédelin G., Bourgkard È., 2018. Bladder cancer and occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist: a counter-matched case-control study in French steel-producing factories. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 75(5), 328-336.
7. Park D., Choi B., Kim S., Kwag H., Joo K., Jeong J., 2005. Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to metalworking fluids Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to metalworking fluids. Journal of Occupational Health. 47(4), 319-326.
8. Costello S., Chen K., Picciotto S., Lutzker L., Eisen E., 2020. Metalworking fluids and cancer mortality in a US autoworker cohort (1941–2015). Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 46(5), 525-532.
9. Geier J., Lessmann H., Dickel H., Frosch P.J., Koch P., Becker D., Jappe U., Aberer W., 2004. Patch test results with the metalworking fluid series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis. 51(3), 118-130.
10. Suuronen K., Jolanki R., Luukkonen R., Alanko K., Susitaival P., 2007. Self‐reported skin symptoms in metal workers. Contact Dermatitis. 57(4), 259-264.
11. Costello S., Friesen M.C., Christiani D.C., Eisen E.A., 2011. Metalworking fluids and malignant melanoma in autoworkers. Epidemiology. 22(1), 90-97.
12. OEL., 2020. Occupational Exposure Limit. Ministry of Health. Iran.
13. Colt J.S., Friesen M.C., Stewart P.A., Donguk P., Johnson A., Schwenn M., Karagas M.R., Armenti K., Waddell R., Verrill C., 2014. A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 71(10), 667-674.
14. Goonewardene S.S., Persad R., Motiwala H., Albala D., 2020. Systematic Review Results on Bladder Cancer Epidemiology, Occupational Hazards and Risk Factors. Management of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. 53-61.
15. Josse P.R., Koutros S., Tardon A., Rothman N., Silverman D.T., Friesen M.C., 2021. Adapting Decision Rules to Estimate Occupational Metalworking Fluid Exposure in a Case-Control Study of Bladder Cancer in Spain. Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 66(3), 392–401.
16. Bourgkard E., Wild P., Courcot B., Diss M., Ettlinger J., Goutet P., Hémon D., Marquis N., Mur J.M., Rigal C., 2009. Lung cancer mortality and iron oxide exposure in a French steel-producing factory. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 66(3), 175-181.
17. Friesen M.C., Costello S., Eisen E.A., 2009. Quantitative exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer incidence in a cohort of autoworkers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 169(12), 1471-1478.
18. Cumberbatch M.G., Cox A., Teare D., Catto J.W., 2015. Contemporary occupational carcinogen exposure and bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncology. 1(9), 1282-1290.
19. Weiderpass E., Vainio H., 2015. The need for further preventive measures for occupational bladder cancer. JAMA oncology. 1(9), 1291-1292.
20. Peterson J., Welch V., Losos M., Tugwell P., 2011. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. 2(1), 1-12.
21. Shea B., Robertson J., Peterson J., Welch V., Losos M., 2020. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis bias and confounding Newcastle-Ottowa Scale. Accessed 16 Jan 2020.
22. Colt J.S, Friesen M., Stewart P., Donguk P., Johnson A., Schwenn M., Karagas M.R., Cherala S., Waddell R., Verrill C., Ward M.H., 2011. Exposure to metalworking fluids and risk of bladder cancer. In ISEE Conference Abstracts 23. 2011(1).
23. Thompson D., Kriebel D., Quinn M.M., Wegman D.H., Eisen E.A., 2005. Occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and risk of breast cancer among female autoworkers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 47(2), 153-160.
24. Bourgkard E., Wild P., Courcot B., Diss M., Ettlinger J., Goutet P., Hémon D., Marquis N., Mur J.M., Rigal C., Rohn-Janssens M.P., Moulin J.J., 2009. Lung cancer mortality and iron oxide exposure in a French steel-producing factory. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 66(3), 175-181.
25. Friesen M.C., Park D.U., Colt J.S., Baris D., Schwenn M., Karagas M.R., Armenti K.R., Johnson A., Silverman D.T, Stewart P.A., 2014. Developing estimates of frequency and intensity of exposure to three types of metalworking fluids in a population-based case–control study of bladder cancer. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 57(8), 915-927.
26. Malloy E.J., Miller K.L., Eisen E.A., 2007. Rectal cancer and exposure to metalworking fluids in the automobile manufacturing industry. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 64(4), 244-249.
27. Izano M.A., Sofrygin O.A., Picciotto S., Bradshaw P.T., Eisen E.A., 2019. Metalworking Fluids and Colon Cancer Risk: Longitudinal Targeted Minimum Loss-based Estimation. Environmental Epidemiology. 3(1), e035.
28. Garcia E., Bradshaw P.T., Eisen E.A., 2018. Breast cancer incidence and exposure to metalworking fluid in a cohort of female autoworkers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 187(3), 539-547.
29. Friesen M.C., Betenia N., Costello S., Eisen E.A., 2012. Metalworking fluid exposure and cancer risk in a retrospective cohort of female autoworkers. Cancer Causes & Control. 23(7), 1075-1082.
30. IARC., 1994. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: some industrial chemicals. 260-268.
31. Boada L.D., Henríquez-Hernández L.A., Navarro P., Zumbado M., Almeida-González M., Camacho, M. Álvarez-León E.E., Valencia-Santana J.A., Luzardo O.P., 2015. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bladder cancer: evaluation from a gene-environment perspective in a hospital-based case-control study in the Canary Islands (Spain). International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 21(1), 23-30.
32. Roelofzen J.H., Aben K.K., Van de Kerkhof P.C., Van der Valk P.G., Kiemeney L.A., 2015. Dermatological exposure to coal tar and bladder cancer risk: A case-control study. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. 33(1), 20.e19-20.e22.
