There are always concerns about the environmental and human consequences of the widespread use of pesticides. This study aimed to determine the role of pesticides in the development of autism spectrum disorders in children through meta-analysis. All studies (11 articles) that had the potential to be used in our study were exported in EndNote X8 software and reviewed by authors. We extracted the required data, and we used Stata software (version 12) to analyze the pooled effect. Random and fixed-effect models were used to determine the combined estimation using the “metan” command.The results showed exposure to organochlorine pesticides could increase the risk of autism by 32% (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.14-1.53). The first trimester of pregnancy had the highest risk for autism (OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.15-1.31). The cumulative meta-analysis showed a decreasing trend for crude and adjusted odds ratio over time.This study showed that exposure to pesticides can increase the risk of autism, and the time of exposure to pesticides is associated with the risk of autism. These results came as the cumulative meta-analysis results for crude and adjusted odds ratios showed a decreasing trend over time. Manuscript profile

Metalworking fluids are used in many industries, especially those with metalworking processes. Despite their widespread use, these compounds have harmful effects on human health. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the semi-quantitative health risks of oil mists in the automotive industry. In this study, ACGIH, IARC indexes, LD50, and the risk of corrosion were used to determine the hazard rate, with the biggest index serving as the hazard rate's base. The actual exposure level was used to compute the exposure rate. Sampling and determination of oil mists were performed according to NIOSH 5026 method and using a membrane filter (37-mm). All risk rates of oil mists were in the high-risk range (H). The hazard rate level for all oil mists was equal to 4. The exposure rate for all oil mists except one of them was equal to 4. Considering the health risks identified in this study, it can be concluded that lathe workers in the automotive industries have a high risk in terms of metalworking fluids exposure. Manuscript profile

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex compounds of oils and chemical additives widely used to cool and lubricate metal machining operations. When sprayed, MWF produces concentrations up to twice the allowable level of US ambient air pollution standards. The study was designed to assess possible relationships between occupational exposure to MWFs and the risk of bladder cancer. Literature entered the study was published from February 2000 to 2021 and provides information on exposure to metalworking fluids and the risk of bladder cancer. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences from 2000 to 2021. The following subject and keywords were used in the search: “bladder cancer” and “metalworking fluids”. Out of 8 studies, 4 were case-control and 4 were cohort and all of them had high NOS scores. The strong exposure-response relationship between bladder cancer and metalworking fluids reinforces the evidence for MWFs as a bladder carcinogen. The literature review in this study also shows that smoking can increase the risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to metalworking fluids. Manuscript profile