Comparison of the Toxic Effects of Pars 2 and Gamlen as Oil Pollution Dispersants on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Sima Nikbakht ¹ (Department of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran)
Mahnaz Sadat Sadeghi ² (Department of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran)
Mozhgn Emtyazjoo ³ (Department of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2022-04-06 Accepted : 2022-05-31 Published : 2023-02-20

Keywords: Acute toxicity, Cyprinus carpio, oil pollution, Marine Aquatics, Dispersants,

Abstract :

Oil pollution has become one of the main challenges facing marine ecosystems. Oil spills from oil tankers, marine accidents and emissions from oil platforms have always been known as oil pollution in the marine environment. In this research, the toxicity of Pars 2 dispersants, Gamlen, oil and combination of oil with each of these dispersants on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. These experiments were carried out on common carp (500 ± 37.50 grams) in the same laboratory conditions. The number of deaths in each treatment was counted every 24 hours. The number of casualties was entered in Excel software and the LC50 values of each combination were calculated using Probit specialized software. The obtained values were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Based on the statistical results, the toxicity level of Gameln dispersant was evaluated to be much higher than that of Pars2 dispersant. Considering the fact that the higher the LC50 value, the less toxic the substance is, it can be concluded that the Pars2 dispersant is more toxic than the Gamlen dispersant. The value of LC50 cannot be the only indicator of the quality of a dispersant. RET calculated for Pars2 dispersant was higher than the amount calculated for Gameln dispersant. According to the obtained information, it seems that the Gamlen dispersant has more efficiency and less toxicity for aquatic animals than the Pars2 dispersant.

References:

1. Banan A., Forouharmehr A., Kalbassi M.R., Esmaeilbeigi M., Bahmani M., Yazdani, M., Kolok, A.S. and Rogan, E.G. 2022. Salinity gradients exacerbate the genotoxicity and bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in fingerling Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 52(13):102-264.


2. Bordbar L.2005.Investigation of toxicity effects of dispersants on salmon.Master Thesis, Faculty of Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, 9(5): 136-143. [In Persian].


3. Eskandari S., Ghavam Mostafavi P., Mazdarani H., Machinchian Moradi A., Shah Hosseini M.H. 2009. Investigation of the effect of crude oil on cytogenetic damage using micronucleus test in Anodonta cygnea as bioandicators. Journal of Animal Biology, 2(2):123-135. [In Persian].


4. Esmaeilbeigi M., Kalbassi M.R., Seyedi J., Behzadi Tayemeh M., Moghaddam J.A. 2021. Intra and extracellular effects of benzo [α] pyrene on liver, gill and blood of Caspian White fish (Rutilus frissi kutum): Cytogenotoxicity and histopathology approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163(16):111942.


5. Esmaeilbeigi M., Behzadi Tayemeh M., Johari S.A., Ghorbani F., Sourinejad I., Yu I.J. 2022. In silico modeling of the antagonistic effect of mercuric chloride and silver nanoparticles on the mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on response surface methodology. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 85(9):456-467.


6. Farkhani B., Shaabani R., Rezaei K. 2003. Synthesis and use of dispersant with the role of dispersing oil slicks on the coasts of the Persian Gulf. Offshore Oil Company Article, 13(2):147. [In Persian].


7. Fuller C., Boner Y., Pegec Ernest A. 2004. Comparative toxicity of oil, dispersant and oil dispersant to several marine species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23(12):2941-2949.


8. Hosseini S.J., Machanlu M., Ziaeinejad S. 2016. Acute toxicity of crude oil solution phase on common juvenile carp. Journal of Biology, 12(4):355-366. [In Persian].


9. Ismaili Sari A. 2001. Pollutants, hygiene and standards in the environment. Naghsh Mehr Publications, 12(3):245-248. [In Persian].


10. Kazemi A., Esmaeilbeigi M., Ansari A., Asl A.G., Mohammadzadeh B. 2022. Alterations and health risk assessment of the environmental concentration of heavy metals in the edible tissue of marine fish (Thunnus tonggol) consumed by different cooking methods. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 53(11):102361.


11. Kazemi A., Esmaeilbeigi M., Sahebi Z., Ansari A. 2022. Health risk assessment of total chromium in the qanat as historical drinking water supplying system. Science of the Total Environment, 807(32):150795.


12. Linden O. 2008. The influence of crude oil and mixture or crude oil /dispersants on the ontogenic development of the Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras. Water and Aair Pollution Research Laboratory, 46(6):193.


13. Liu B., Romaire R., Delauner R., Lindau C.W. 2006. Field investigationon the toxicity of nlaska north Slope crude oil (ANSC) and dispersant ANSC crude to GULF kili fish, easterm oyster and white shrimp. Chemosphere, 62(4):520-526.


14. Machanlu M., Ziaeinejad S., Banai M., Johari S.A. 2016. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and crude oil solution phase under ultraviolet and dark radiation on growth indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Animal Environment, 199(8):451-466. [In Persian].


15. Mohammadzadeh R., Tehrani M.E., Jozi, M., Mogui S.A. 2020. Identification of risk factors for environmental pollution of offshore gas platforms (Case study: South Pars gas field). Journal of Animal Environment, 84(4):289-298. [In Persian].


16. Oliaei S.R., Sharifpour A., Riahi Bakhtiari A. 2013. Histological pathology of different concentrations of Pyrene oil composition in some vital organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in vitro. Journal of Toxicology, 67(11):198-211. [In Persian].


17. Parang H., Esmaeilbeigi M. 2022. Total mercury concentration in the muscle of four mostly consumed fish and associated human health risks for fishermen and non-fishermen families in the Anzali Wetland, Southern Caspian Sea. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 52(8):102270.


18. Seyedi J., Kalbassi M.R., Esmaeilbeigi M., Behzadi Tayemeh M., Amiri Moghadam J. 2021. Toxicity and deleterious impacts of selenium nanoparticles at supranutritional and imbalance levels on male goldfish (Carassius auratus) sperm. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 66(21):126758.


19. Shirdel I., Kalbassi M.R., Esmaeilbeigi M., Tinoush B. 2020. Disruptive effects of nonylphenol on reproductive hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and histology of liver, kidney and gonads in Caspian trout smolts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part–C: Toxicology and Pharmacolgy. 232(17):108756.


20. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 1995. American Public Health Association. American Water Pollution Control Federation Water Work Association, 56(15):567.


21. Swedmark M., Granmo A., Kollberg S. 1973. Effect of oil dispersant and oil emulsions on marin animals. Water Research Progmon Press, 46(7):1649-1677.


22. Veisi S., Johari S.A., Tyler C.R., Mansouri B., Esmaeilbeigi M. 2021. Antioxidant properties of dietary supplements of free and nanoencapsulated silymarin and their ameliorative effects on silver nanoparticles induced oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(19):26055-26063.