Designing a Curriculum to Enhance Critical Thinking Skills in Elementary School Teachers
Subject Areas : Educational Science
1 -
Keywords: Curriculum, Critical Thinking, Teacher Behavior, Teacher Training, Professional Development,
Abstract :
This study was conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating an Curriculum program to enhance critical thinking skills among elementary school teachers. The study was carried out within the framework of developmental research and utilized the "Taba-Tyler" curriculum design model. The target population was selected purposefully and included two experts in curriculum planning, two experts in assessment and evaluation, one expert in Persian language education, and one expert in philosophy. The results of data analysis indicated that the designed program consists of 12 main objectives across five key areas: accepting diverse perspectives, evaluating the accuracy and validity of information, seeking reasons and evidence, formulating high-level questions, and fostering open-minded thinking. The program was designed based on the needs of teachers and includes activities such as creative drama, case study analysis, and group work as educational tools. Reflective evaluations revealed that the objectives, educational content, learning experiences, and assessment methods of the program are well-aligned and highly implementable. This research emphasizes the importance of training teachers in critical thinking as an effective step toward cultivating critical-thinking students and fostering a thoughtful society. Finally, it is recommended that this program be expanded to other educational levels as a significant step in promoting critical thinking across all stages of education.
References:
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Beyer, B. (1987). Practical strategies for the teaching of thinking. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, INC.
Boonjeam W., Tesaputa K., & Sri-ampai A (2017). Program development for primary school teachers’ critical thinking. International Education Studies, 10(2), 131-138. RetrievedOctober 12, 2017 from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/62188/35760
Cave, L. M. (1993). The relationship of teacher behaviors and characteristics to critical thinking skills among middle-level student (Doctoral dissetation) Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses datebase. (UMI No. 1278952).
Cekic, S. (2007). Matematik ogretmenligi lisans ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme gucuduzeylerinin bazı degiskenlere gore incelenmesi [Examining the critical thinking power of undergraduate students of mathematics teachers according to some variables]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Dokuz Eylul Universitesi, Egitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, İzmir. Retrieved4 June, 2014 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Cıkrıkcı, N. (1996) . Elestirel dusunme: Bir olçme aracı ve bir arastırma [Critical thinking: A measurement tool and a research] 3. Ulusal Psikolojik Danısma ve Rehberlik Kongresi. Adana: Çukurova Universitesi. 208-216.
Critical Thinking Skills and Teacher Education. ERIC Digest 3-88 (1988). ERIC Clearinghouseon Teacher Education Washington D.C: ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED297003. Retrieved 10 March, 2017 from https://www.ericdigests.org/pre-929/critical.htm
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Erdamar, G. K., & Alpan, G. B. (2017). Elestirel dusunme algısı: Lise ogretmenleri uzerine bir arastırma [The perception on crıtıcal thınkıng: A study on high school teachers] Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(62), 787-800.
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Gurkaynak, İ., Ustel, F., & Gulgoz, S. (2008). Elestirel dusunme (Guncellenmis Baskı) [Critical Thinking (Updated Edition)].İstanbul: Eğitim Reformu Girisimi Yayınları. Gozutok, F. D. (2007). Ogretim ilke ve yontemleri [Teaching principles and methods]. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
Halpern, D. F. (2004). Thoughts and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. New Jersey- London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Has, E. (2012). Gazi Universitesi Fransız Dili Egitimi Anabilim Dalı ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme eğilimleri uzerine bir çalısma [Gazi University French Language Education A study on the tendency of students of the Department of Education to think critically] (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi Universitesi, Egitim Bilimleri Enstitusu. Ankara. Retrieved 12 October, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Kaloc, R. (2005). Orta oğretim kurumu ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme becerileri ve elestirel dusunme becerilerini etkileyen etmenler [Critical thinking skills of secondary school students and factors affecting critical thinking skills]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi Universitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, Ankara. Retrieved 10 August, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Koc, C. (2007). Aktif ogrenmenin okuduğunu anlama, elestirel dusunme ve sınıf içi etkilesim uzerindeki etkileri [Understanding the active student's reading, critical thinking, and influences on inter-class interaction] (Doctoral dissetation). DEU Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, zmir. Retrieved March, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Kokdemir, D. (2003). Belirsizlik durumlarında karar verme ve problem çozme [Decision making and problem solving in uncertainty situations] (Doctoral dissetation). Ankara Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Ankara. Retrieved 12 October, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into practice, 32(3), 131- 137.
Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in education. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Marzano, R. J. (1988). Dimensions of thinking: A framework for curriculum and instruction.The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 125 N.West St., Alexandria, VA 22314-2798.
McPeck, J. (1981). Critical thinking and education . New York.: St Martins.
Ministry of National Education. (2005). Ilkogretim 1-5. sınıf program-ları tanıtım el kitabı [Primary education 1-5. classroom programs introduction handbook]. Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Baskanlıgı. Ankara: Devlet Kitapları Mudurlugu Basımevi.
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Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008). Minik elestirel dusunme kılavuzu: Kavramlar ve araçlar. (M. B. Fidan, Çev.) Retrieved May 6, 2015 from Foundation form: www.criticalthinking.org/resources/ international/Turkish.cfm
Paul, W. R., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preperation forinstruction in critical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations. Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Sacramento, California. Retrieved June 12, 2016 from http://www.criticalthinking.org/resources/ books/
Perry, D. K. (2014). Exploring critical thinking skills among undergraduate agriculture education and studies students. Iowa State University. Avaliable from: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd. 08 Mart 2017.
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Ashton, P. (1988). Teaching higher-order thinking and content: An essential ingredient in teacher preparation. Ashton, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
Aybek, B. (2006). Konu ve beceri temelli elestirel dusunme ogretiminin ogretmen adaylarının elestirel dusunme eğilimi ve duzeyine etkisi [Effect of subject and skill-based critical thinking teaching on the tendency and level of critical thinking of teacher candidates] (Doctoral dissertation). Cukurova Universitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Adana. Retrieved December 3, 2014 from, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
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Beyer, B. (1987). Practical strategies for the teaching of thinking. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, INC.
Boonjeam W., Tesaputa K., & Sri-ampai A (2017). Program development for primary school teachers’ critical thinking. International Education Studies, 10(2), 131-138. RetrievedOctober 12, 2017 from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/62188/35760
Cave, L. M. (1993). The relationship of teacher behaviors and characteristics to critical thinking skills among middle-level student (Doctoral dissetation) Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses datebase. (UMI No. 1278952).
Cekic, S. (2007). Matematik ogretmenligi lisans ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme gucuduzeylerinin bazı degiskenlere gore incelenmesi [Examining the critical thinking power of undergraduate students of mathematics teachers according to some variables]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Dokuz Eylul Universitesi, Egitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, İzmir. Retrieved4 June, 2014 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Cıkrıkcı, N. (1996) . Elestirel dusunme: Bir olçme aracı ve bir arastırma [Critical thinking: A measurement tool and a research] 3. Ulusal Psikolojik Danısma ve Rehberlik Kongresi. Adana: Çukurova Universitesi. 208-216.
Critical Thinking Skills and Teacher Education. ERIC Digest 3-88 (1988). ERIC Clearinghouseon Teacher Education Washington D.C: ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED297003. Retrieved 10 March, 2017 from https://www.ericdigests.org/pre-929/critical.htm
De Bono, E. (2007). How to have creative ideas: 62 exercises to develop the mind. Random House. Demirci, C. (2002). Elestirel dusunme [Critical thinking]. Retrieved 28 Febuary, 2015 from http://www.epo.hacettepe.edu.tr/eleman/yayınlar/elestirel-dusunme.doc.
Demirel, O. (2012). Kuramdan uygulamaya egitimde program gelistirme. [Curriculum development from theory to practice]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Dewey, J. (1910). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educational process. Lexington,Boston: MA: Heath.
Doganay, A. (2001). Yaratıcı ogrenme [Creative learning]. A. Simsek (Ed.), Sınıfta demokrasi (Democracy in the class) (2nd ed.) (pp. 50-89). Ankara: Eğitim Sen Yayınları. Doganay, A., & Sarı, M. (2012). Dusunme Dostu Sınıf Olçegi (DDSO) gelistirme calısması [A study of developing the Thinking-Friendly Classroom Scale (TFCS)]. İlkogretim Online, 11, 1, 214-229.
Ennis, R. (1985). Goals for critical thinking curriculum. Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 68-72.
Ennis, R. H. (1993). Critical thinking assessment. Theory Into Practice, 3(32), 179-186.
Erdamar, G. K., & Alpan, G. B. (2017). Elestirel dusunme algısı: Lise ogretmenleri uzerine bir arastırma [The perception on crıtıcal thınkıng: A study on high school teachers] Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(62), 787-800.
Facione, P. A., & Facione, N. C. (1998). The california critical thinking dispositions inventory. California: Academic Press. Retrieved 2 May, 2015 from http://www.insightassessment
Fisher, A. (2001). Critical thinking: An introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Glaser, R. (1983). Education and thinking: The rol of knowledge, learning research and development. Pennsylvania: Center University of Pittsburgh.
Gundogdu, H. (2009). Elestirel dusunme ve elestirel dusunme ogretimine dair bazı yanılgılar [Critical thinking and some misperceptions on teaching critical thinking] . Celal Bayar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 7(1), 57-74.
Gurkaynak, İ., Ustel, F., & Gulgoz, S. (2008). Elestirel dusunme (Guncellenmis Baskı) [Critical Thinking (Updated Edition)].İstanbul: Eğitim Reformu Girisimi Yayınları. Gozutok, F. D. (2007). Ogretim ilke ve yontemleri [Teaching principles and methods]. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
Halpern, D. F. (2004). Thoughts and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. New Jersey- London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Has, E. (2012). Gazi Universitesi Fransız Dili Egitimi Anabilim Dalı ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme eğilimleri uzerine bir çalısma [Gazi University French Language Education A study on the tendency of students of the Department of Education to think critically] (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi Universitesi, Egitim Bilimleri Enstitusu. Ankara. Retrieved 12 October, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Kaloc, R. (2005). Orta oğretim kurumu ogrencilerinin elestirel dusunme becerileri ve elestirel dusunme becerilerini etkileyen etmenler [Critical thinking skills of secondary school students and factors affecting critical thinking skills]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi Universitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, Ankara. Retrieved 10 August, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Koc, C. (2007). Aktif ogrenmenin okuduğunu anlama, elestirel dusunme ve sınıf içi etkilesim uzerindeki etkileri [Understanding the active student's reading, critical thinking, and influences on inter-class interaction] (Doctoral dissetation). DEU Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, zmir. Retrieved March, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Kokdemir, D. (2003). Belirsizlik durumlarında karar verme ve problem çozme [Decision making and problem solving in uncertainty situations] (Doctoral dissetation). Ankara Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Ankara. Retrieved 12 October, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into practice, 32(3), 131- 137.
Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in education. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Marzano, R. J. (1988). Dimensions of thinking: A framework for curriculum and instruction.The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 125 N.West St., Alexandria, VA 22314-2798.
McPeck, J. (1981). Critical thinking and education . New York.: St Martins.
Ministry of National Education. (2005). Ilkogretim 1-5. sınıf program-ları tanıtım el kitabı [Primary education 1-5. classroom programs introduction handbook]. Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Baskanlıgı. Ankara: Devlet Kitapları Mudurlugu Basımevi.
Ministry of National Education. (2006). TEDP-Temel egitime destek projesi: Ogretmen eğitimi bileseni. Ogretmenlik mesleği genel yeterlilikleri [BTSP-Basic training support project: Teacher training component. General qualifications of teaching profession] Ogretmen Yetistirme ve Egitimi Genel Mudurlugu. Ankara: MEB Yayınları.
Ministry of National Education. (2008). 64 soruda ortaoğretime geçis sistemi ve seviye belirleme sınavı [64 questions secondary school transfer system and leveling examination]. Ankara: MEB Yayınları.
Ministry of National Education. (2017a). Mufredatta yenileme ve degisiklik çalısmalarımız uzerine [On the renewal and change studies in the curriculum]. Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Baskanlıgı. Ankara: Devlet Kitapları Mudurlugu Basımevi.
Ministry of National Education. (2017b). Ogretmenlik Meslegi Genel Yeterlilikleri [General Qualifications of Teaching Profession] .Ogretmen Yetistirme Genel Mudurluğu. Ankara: https://oygm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2017_12/06172441_Ygretmenlik_M eslegi Genel Yeterlikleri. pdf adresinden 12 Haziran 2017 tarihinde alınmıstır.
Newmann, F., M. (1991). Classroom thoughtfulness and students' higher order thinking: common ındicators and diverse social studies courses. Theory & Research in Social Education, 19(4), 410-433, DOI: 10.1080/00933104.1991.10505649
Nosich, G. M. (2012). Elestirel dusunme rehberi [Critical thinking guide]. (B. Aybek, Trans.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Ozcan, G. (2007). Problem çozme yonteminin elestirel dusunme ve erisiye etkisi. [Critical thinking and access influence of problem solving method] (Doctoral dissetation). Abant İzzet Baysal Universitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Bolu. Retrieved 12 December, 2016 from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Paul, R. (1989). Center for critical thinking and moral. Critical thinking handbook: 6. -9. Grades A Guide for Remodeling Lesson Plans in Language. Sonoma State University. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED325805.
Paul, R. (1991). Staff development for critical thinking: Lesson plan remodelling as the strategy Developing Minds (A Reseource Book For Teaching) (Volume1). (A.C., Ed.) Alexandria, Virginia:A.L.Costa.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008). Minik elestirel dusunme kılavuzu: Kavramlar ve araçlar. (M. B. Fidan, Çev.) Retrieved May 6, 2015 from Foundation form: www.criticalthinking.org/resources/ international/Turkish.cfm
Paul, W. R., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preperation forinstruction in critical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations. Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Sacramento, California. Retrieved June 12, 2016 from http://www.criticalthinking.org/resources/ books/
Perry, D. K. (2014). Exploring critical thinking skills among undergraduate agriculture education and studies students. Iowa State University. Avaliable from: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd. 08 Mart 2017.
Peterson, D, Kromrey, J., Borg, J., & Lewis, A. (1990). Defining and establishing relationship between essential and higher order teaching skills. Journal of Educational Research, 84(1), 5-12.
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