Considerations of Gibsonian Affordances in Systematic Exploration of Design Process Model in Architectural Education

Subject Areas : architecture

Reza Naghdbishi ¹ , Shahindokht Barghjelveh ² , Seyed Gholamreza Islami ³ , Hamed Kamelnia ⁴

1 - Ph.D, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - دکتری طراحی شهری و برنامه ریزی محیط، دانشیار گروه برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی محیط، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
3 - دکتری معماری، گرایش برنامه ریزی توسعه، استاد دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران.
4 - دکتری معماری، دانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران.

Received: 2013-06-16 Accepted : 2014-08-30 Published : 2016-08-22

Keywords:

Abstract :

This paper explores t This paper explores the challenges of finding theoretical frameworks, derived from the tenets of behavioral science methods to improve the learning process of architectural design and construction of a theoretical - practical approaches in order to change, and contrast with the lack of stasis of training method in architectural education in Iran. Moreover, the aim of this research is to define and identify environmental characteristics resulting from Gibsonian affordances to use the above question which is in line with a review of theories and related approaches about appropriate and inappropriate, along with the identification of faces overt and covert capabilities will be discussed. Accordingly, Features used on the basis of the above theory involve cognitive, cultural, logical, semantic, cognitive, physical, natural and human limitations. In the design process, man-made environment is defined as an interactive interface to establish a connection between mental processes of designer and behavioral activities of the user. On the other hand, affordances are a kind of relationship between designer and user that affect in processes which are being followed by designer. In the proposed model, the consequences of a simultaneous process of "cognition-creation" for affordances makes it a common point for product of architecture, based on a theoretical structure that supporting the establishment of most interactive relations for the designer-user. Such a process of architectural training workshop will emphasize the role of the student as a learner analysis and also the role of the educator as leader of education who is responsible for directing students in the form of the Affordance Theory. This process and method, since then based on a theoretical structure, imported to architectural design process and its training scientifically, and as a small part of the range of characteristics of behavioral sciences, has the ability of creating an interdisciplinary approach. Such researches can make a systematic and optimized architectural training according to scientific theories by other researchers with grafting of behavioral science and environmental design in future. The authors believe that affordances have two dimension: Behavior-Driven Actions and Environment-Driven Constraints; Behavior-Driven Actions Contain passive activities or flexible, individual or social, decisions and choices and needs, values and interaction and Environment-Driven Constraints includes restrictions on the cognitive, biological, cognitive, social, cultural, logical, semantic, good, bad, positive, negative, hidden, clear etc. Based on the mentioned issues and research goals which include finding an interdisciplinary model for architecture teaching based on behavioral sciences approaches in general and applying the Gibson Theory of Environmental Affordances specifically; This research is considered as applied research, And its methods "descriptive" and  "analytical" are categorized in the field of general strategy. On this basis, in the description field, the research includes a set of methods that aim to describe the investigated conditions or phenomena. Conducting the research can help to better understand the situation or the decision making process and in the analytical field, research move towards inferential reasoning along with modeling for the purpose of conducting research to provide a model for design process of architectural education in the workshop.... Keywords: Gibson, Affordance, Architectural Training, Design Process, Methods of Architectural Education, Environmental Design.

References:

1. اژدری، علیرضا ؛و بهرامی پناه، امیر. (1387). به سوی رهیافت مشترک در آموزش طراحی، امکان سنجی به کارگیری نظریۀ بسایند (افردنس) در شیوۀ آموزش معماری و طراحی صنعتی در امیر سعید محمودی. (ویراستار). مجموعه مقالات سومین همایش آموزش معماری. 1-2 آبان.(ص 48-55) دانشگاه تهران: تهران.


2. اسلامی، سید غلامرضا. (1392). درسگفتار مبانی نظری معماری. تهران: علم معمار.


3. اسلامی، سید غلامرضا؛ و نقدبیشی، رضا. (1390). توسعۀ کیفی آموزش معماری در افق 1404. مجموعه مقالات اولین همایش ملی آموزش در 1404. 7-8 آبان. (ص 124-136) .تهران: دبیرخانه مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام و پژوهشکدۀ سیاستگزاری علم، فناوری و صنعت دانشگاه صنعتی شریف.


4. امامی، سید جواد. (1382). طراحی معماری به مثابه یک الگوی رفتاری در امیر سعید محمودی. (ویراستار). مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش آموزش معماری. 26-27 آذر. (ص 39-44) .تهران: نگاه امروز و دانشکده هنرهای زیبا.


5. برق جلوه، شهیندخت. (1383). برنامه شناسایی و تحلیل محیط‌های کالبدی. هنرهای زیبا، 19، 48-39.


6. ترابی، زهره؛ و اسلامی، سیدغلامرضا. (1392). آموزش خلاق. هویت شهر، 7 (14)، 48-37.


7. جونز، جان کریستوفر. (1390). روش‌های طراحی. (فرشید سرمست، مترجم). تهران: نشر دانشگاهی.( نشر اصلی1970)


8. دانشگر مقدم، گلرخ؛ و اسلامپور، مرمر. (1391). تحلیل نظریه قابلیت محیط از دیدگاه گیبسون و بازخورد آن در مطالعات انسان و محیط انسان ساخت. معماری و شهرسازی آرمان‌شهر، 5 (9)، 86-73.


9. سرمد، زهره؛ و هرندی بازرگان، عباس؛ حجازی، الهه. (1391). روش‌های تحقیق در علوم رفتاری.(چاپ سیزدهم). تهران: آگاه.


10. عزیزی، شادی. (1389). ضرورت نظام منعطف آموزش معماری در راستای پاسخگویی به چالش­های جهانی و بومی پایداری. هویت شهر، 5(7)، 52-43.


11. کامل نیا، حامد. (1383). دانش‌های پایه در طراحی معماری. (متن انتشار نیافته). دورۀ دکتری تخصصی معماری، دانشکده معماری. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.


12. لنگ، جان. (1386). آفرینش نظریه معماری، نقش علوم رفتاری در طراحی محیط. (علیرضا عینی فر، مترجم). تهران: دانشگاه تهران. (نشر اصلی1987)


13. مرتضوی، شهرناز. (1380). روان‌شناسی محیط و کاربرد آن. تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.


14. مطلبی، قاسم. (1390). درسگفتار کارگاه تخصصی معماری و علوم رفتاری. (متن انتشار نیافته) در چهارمین همایش آموزش معماری. دانشکده معماری. پردیس هنرهای زیبا. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.


15. مک اندرو، فرانسیس تی. (1387). روان‌شناسی محیطی. (غلامرضا محمودی، مترجم). تهران: زرباف اصل.


16. وورت، ون در؛ و وگان، ون. (1392). معماری کیفیت گرا. (مهیار باستانی، مترجم). مشهد: کتابکده کسری.

17. Gibson, J. J. (1976). TheTheory of Affordance and the Design of the Environment in E. Reed and R. Jones. (Eds.). Symposium on Perception in Architecture. American Society for Esthetics. Toronto. October. Republished ac Chapter 4.9. Part VIII Reasons for Realism: Selected essays of James J. Gibson., (1982).

18. Gibson, J. J. (1986). The Ecological A roach to Visual Perception. New York: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis.

19. Gibson, J. J. (1982). Notes on affordances in E. Reed and R. Jones. (Eds.), Reasons for realism: selected essays of James J. Gibson. (pp. 401 – 418). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

20. Good, J. M.M. (2007). The Affordance for Social Psychology of the Ecological A roach to Social Knowing. Theory and Psychology, 17 (2), 265-295.

21. Hershberger, R. (2002). Behavioral – Based Architectural Programming in Robert B. Bechtel and Azar Churchman (Eds.). Handbook of Environmental Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

22. Hertzberger, H. (1991). Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: 010.

23. Ittelson, W. H., Rivlin, L.G., & Proshansky, H. M. (1976). The Use of Behavioral Maps in Environmental Psychology. In Proshansky, H. M., Ittelson, W. H., & Rivlin, L. G. (Eds.). Environmental psychology: People and their physical settings. (Pp.340-351.) New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

24. Jones, J. C. (1970). Design Methods.New York: John Wiley & Sons.

25. Maier, J., Fadel, R. A., & Georges, M. (2009 a). Affordance Based design: a Relational theory of Design. Research in Engineering Design. 20. 13-27.

26. Maier, J., Fadel R. A., & Georges, M. (2009 b). Affordance Based Design Methods for Innovation Design, Redesign and Reverse Engineering. Research in Engineering Design. 20. 225-239.

27. Maier, J., Fadel R. A., Georges, M. & Battisto, D. (2009). AnAffordance–Based a roach to Architectural Theory, Design and Practice. Design Studies. 30, 393-414.

28. Moore, G. T., Marans, R. W. (1997). Advances in Environmental Behavior and Design. New York: Plenum Press.

29. Norman, D. A. (1988). The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Currency Doubleday.

30. Norman, D. A. (1999). Affordance, Conventions and Design. Interactions, 5 (3), 38-42.

31. Pols, Auke J. K. (2012). Characterizing affordance: The descriptions-of-affordance-model. Design Studies, 33, 113-125.

32. Smets, Greta J.F. (1989). Perceptual Meaning. Design Issues, 5 (2), 86-99.

33. Still, J. D. Dark, V. J. (2013). Cognitively Describing and Designing Affordance. Design Studies, 34, 285-301.

34. Withagen, R., J.de Poel, H., Araujo, D. & Pepping, G-J. (2012). Affordance Can Invite Behavior: Reconsidering the Relationship between Affordance and Agency. New Ideas in Psychology, 30, 250-258.

35. Wurster, W. (1949). New Direction in Architectural Education. (The Regional Meeting of the Southeastern Schools of Architecture). Journal of Architectural Education, 4, 1-4.

36. Xenakis, I., & Arnellos, A. (2013). the Relation between Interaction Aesthetics and Affordances. Design Studies. 34, 57-73.

37. Zhang, J., & Patel, V. L. (2006). Distributed Cognition, Representation and Affordance. Cognition & Pragmatics, 14, 333-341.