A review of brain tumors in reptiles with the first report Glioblastoma Multiform with Primitive Neuronal Component in Eastern Fox Snake (Pantherophis vulpinus)
Subject Areas : Journal of Comparative Pathobiologyپیمان Mohamamdzadeh, 1 , سجاد Mohammadi 2
1 - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
2 - Student of General Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Iran
Keywords: Glioblastoma Multiform with Pr, Reptile Brain, Fox Snake, Immunohistochemistry, Pathology,
Abstract :
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system. GBM with primitive neuronal component (GBM-PNC) is an aggressive variant identified in 0.5% of GBMs and recognized as a distinct histological pattern of glioblastoma Extracranial metastasis from GBM-PNC is a rare and challenging situation. In this study we report the morphological and immunohistochemical features of a case of glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component diagnosed in a 7-year-old male eastern fox snake (Pantherophis gloydi), along with a comprehensive literature review related to the occurrence of malignant tumors in reptiles. Symptoms included a prominent mass on the head, and involvement of the central nervous system. Diagnostic measures including hematological and serological examinations, RT-PCR, Nested-PCR, MRI and CT-SCAN were performed. And after death, Necropsy and pathology and immunohistochemistry study were performed. Based on clinical data, glioblastoma multiforme with primary neurological components was confirmed. The present case highlights the occurrence and severity of extensive axial skeletal metastases from GBM-PNC. Since there is no treatment protocol established for GBM-PNC and GBM-PNC has recently been shown to have more PNC clinical behavior with increased risk of CSF spread, so understanding the clinical, diagnostic and histopathological features of this tumor and determining similarities and Behavioral differences of this tumor in different species can be a big step towards understanding its nature and how to deal with it.
2. Wang S, Wang Z, Mu Y. Locus Coeruleus in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. Brain Sci. 2022 Jan 20;12(2):134. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12020134. PMID: 35203898; PMCID: PMC8870555.
3. Kverková K, Marhounová L, Polonyiová A, Kocourek M, Zhang Y, Olkowicz S, Straková B, Pavelková Z, Vodička R, Frynta D, Němec P. The evolution of brain neuron numbers in amniotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 15;119(11):e2121624119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2121624119. Epub 2022 Mar 7. PMID: 35254911; PMCID: PMC8931369.
4. Pritz MB. Do crocodiles have a zona incerta? J Comp Neurol. 2022 Jun;530(8):1195-1212. doi: 10.1002/cne.25269. Epub 2021 Nov 11. PMID: 34719032.
5. Hussan MT, Sakai A, Matsui H. Glutamatergic pathways in the brains of turtles: A comparative perspective among reptiles, birds, and mammals. Front Neuroanat. 2022 Aug 17;16:937504. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2022.937504. PMID: 36059432; PMCID: PMC9428285.
6. Tosches MA, Yamawaki TM, Naumann RK, Jacobi AA, Tushev G, Laurent G. Evolution of pallium, hippocampus, and cortical cell types revealed by single-cell transcriptomics in reptiles. Science. 2018 May 25;360(6391):881-888. doi: 10.1126/science.aar4237. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29724907.
7. Alibardi L. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the regenerating spinal cord of lizards and amphibians are likely mechanoreceptors. J Morphol. 2019 Sep;280(9):1292-1308. doi: 10.1002/jmor.21031. Epub 2019 Jun 24. PMID: 31233249.
8. Szenker-Ravi E, Ott T, Khatoo M, Moreau de Bellaing A, Goh WX, Chong YL, Beckers A, Kannesan D, Louvel G, Anujan P, Ravi V, Bonnard C, Moutton S, Schoen P, Fradin M, Colin E, Megarbane A, Daou L, Chehab G, Di Filippo S, Rooryck C, Deleuze JF, Boland A, Arribard N, Eker R, Tohari S, Ng AY, Rio M, Lim CT, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F, Venkatesh B, Amiel J, Crollius HR, Gordon CT, Gossler A, Roy S, Attie-Bitach T, Blum M, Bouvagnet P, Reversade B. Discovery of a genetic module essential for assigning left-right asymmetry in humans and ancestral vertebrates. Nat Genet. 2022 Jan;54(1):62-72. doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00970-4. Epub 2021 Dec 13. Erratum in: Nat Genet. 2022 Jun;54(6):906. PMID: 34903892.
9. Nomura T, Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Yamashita W, Wakamatsu Y, Murakami Y, Calegari F, Suzuki K, Gotoh H, Ono K. The evolution of basal progenitors in the developing non-mammalian brain. Development. 2016 Jan 1;143(1):66-74. doi: 10.1242/dev.127100. PMID: 26732839; PMCID: PMC4725208.
10. Briscoe SD, Ragsdale CW. Evolution of the Chordate Telencephalon. Curr Biol. 2019 Jul 8;29(13):R647-R662. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.026. PMID: 31287987.
11. Khan S. Conformational spread drives the evolution of the calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II. Sci Rep. 2022 May 19;12(1):8499. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12090-y. PMID: 35589775; PMCID: PMC9120016.
12. Oliveira PRC, Abe AS, Klein W. Temperature effects on oxygen consumption and breathing pattern in juvenile and adult Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824). Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2023 Jan;307:103978. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103978. Epub 2022 Oct 15. PMID: 36252778.
13. Heyns du Preez L, Domingues MV, Verneau O. Classification of pleurodire polystomes (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) revisited with the description of two new genera from the Australian and Neotropical Realms. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2022 Sep 16;19:180-186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.09.004. PMID: 36188110; PMCID: PMC9519787.
14. Wei Y, Chang L, Hashimoto K. Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: beyond the NMDA receptor. Mol Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;27(1):559-573. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01121-1. Epub 2021 May 7. PMID: 33963284; PMCID: PMC8960399.
15. Austad SN, Finch CE. How ubiquitous is aging in vertebrates? Science. 2022 Jun 24;376(6600):1384-1385. doi: 10.1126/science.adc9442. Epub 2022 Jun 23. PMID: 35737765.
16. Rabosky AR, Corl A, Liwanag HE, Surget-Groba Y, Sinervo B. Direct fitness correlates and thermal consequences of facultative aggregation in a desert lizard. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040866. Epub 2012 Jul 23. PMID: 22844413; PMCID: PMC3402482.
17. Scott K, Tanabe LK, Miller JD, Berumen ML. Newly described nesting sites of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the central Red Sea. PeerJ. 2022 Jul 1;10:e13408. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13408. PMID: 35795175; PMCID: PMC9252177.
18. Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CMF. There and back again: natal homing by magnetic navigation in sea turtles and salmon. J Exp Biol. 2019 Feb 6;222(Pt Suppl 1):jeb184077. doi: 10.1242/jeb.184077. PMID: 30728225.
19. Lohmann KJ, Goforth KM, Mackiewicz AG, Lim DS, Lohmann CMF. Magnetic maps in animal navigation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2022 Jan;208(1):41-67. doi: 10.1007/s00359-021-01529-8. Epub 2022 Jan 9. PMID: 34999936; PMCID: PMC8918461.
20. Christman J, Devau M, Wilson-Robles H, Hoppes S, Rech R, Russell KE, Heatley JJ. Oncology of Reptiles: Diseases, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2017 Jan;20(1):87-110. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.003. PMID: 27890294.
21. Roe WD, Cooper SM, and Hazley L. 2002. Squamous cell carcinoma in a Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) case history. New Zealand Vet J 50(5):207–210.
22. Effron M, Griner L, and Benirschke K. 1977. Nature and rate of neoplasia found in captive wild mammals, birds, and reptiles at necropsy. J Natl Cancer Inst 59(1):185–198.
23. Rothschild BM, Tanke DH, Helbling M, and Martin LD. 2003. Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs. Naturwissenschaften 90(11):495–500.
24. Sykes JM and Trupkiewicz JG. 2006. Reptile neoplasia at the Philadelphia zoological garden, 1901–2002. J Zoo Wildl Med 37(1):11–19.
25. Ramsay EC, Munson L, Lowenstine L, and Fowler ME. 1996. A retrospective study of neoplasia in a collection of captive snakes J Zoo Wildl Med 27(1):28–34.
26. Hernandez-Divers SM, and Garner MM. 2003. Neoplasia of reptiles with an emphasis on lizards. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 6(1):251–273.
27. Garner MM, Hernandez-Divers SM, and Raymond JT. 2004. Reptile neoplasia: A retrospective study of case submissions to a specialty diagnostic service. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 7(3):653–671.
28. Frye FL. 1994. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of reptilian neoplasmswith a compilation of cases 1966–1993. In Vivo 8:885–892.
29. Christman J, Devau M, Wilson-Robles H, Hoppes S, Rech R, Russell K, and Heatley JJ. 2017. Oncology of reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 20(1):87–110.
30. Craig LE, Wolf JC, and Ramsay EC. 2005. Spinal cord glioma in a ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi). J Zoo Wildl Med 36(2):313–315.
31. Keller KA, Sanchez-migallon Guzman D, Sanders C et al. 2016. Clinical and pathological findings in a red-tailed Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor constrictor) with a primary neural neoplasm within the diencephalon and mesencephalon. J Herp Med Surg 26(3–4):85–89.
32. Scott HH and Beattie J. 1927. Neoplasm on a porose crocodile. J Pathol Bacteriol. 30(1):61–66.
33. Finnegan DK, Cartoceti AN, Hauck AM, LaDouceur EEB. Meningeal Granular Cell Tumour in a Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis). J Comp Pathol. 2020 Jan;174:54-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.190. Epub 2019 Nov 30. PMID: 31955803.
34. Font E, García-Roa R, Pincheira-Donoso D, Carazo P. Rethinking the Effects of Body Size on the Study of Brain Size Evolution. Brain Behav Evol. 2019;93(4):182-195. doi: 10.1159/000501161. Epub 2019 Aug 22. PMID: 31437837.
35. Ozzetti, P.A., Cavlac, C.L. & Sano-Martins, I.S. Hematological reference values of the snakes Oxyrhopus guibei and Xenodon neuwiedii (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Comp Clin Pathol 24, 101–108 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1866-6.
36. Kubiak M, Denk D, Stidworthy MF. Retrospective review of neoplasms of captive lizards in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec. 2020 Jan 4;186(1):28. doi: 10.1136/vr.105308. Epub 2019 Sep 25. PMID: 31554709.
37. Magnotti JM, Garner MM, Stahl SJ, Corbin EM, LaDouceur EEB. RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN CAPTIVE GILA MONSTERS (HELODERMA SUSPECTUM) AND BEADED LIZARDS (HELODERMA HORRIDUM). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021 Apr;52(1):166-175. doi: 10.1638/2020-0058. PMID: 33827173.
38. Schmidt-Ukaj S, Loncaric I, Spergser J, Richter B, Hochleithner M. Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016 May;28(3):319-22. doi: 10.1177/1040638716636422. Epub 2016 Mar 7. PMID: 26951329.
39. Dietz J, Heckers KO, Pees M, Aupperle H. Knochentumoren bei Echsen und Schlangen. Ein seltener klinischer Befund in der Reptilienpraxis [Bone tumours in lizards and snakes. A rare clinical finding]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2015;43(1):31-9. German. doi: 10.15654/TPK-140534. Epub 2015 Jan 22. PMID: 25609210.
40. Heckers KO, Aupperle H, Schmidt V, Pees M. Melanophoromas and iridophoromas in reptiles. J Comp Pathol. 2012 Feb-Apr;146(2-3):258-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.07.003. Epub 2011 Aug 23. PMID: 21864845.
41. Monahan CF, Meyer A, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of cutaneous chromatophoromas in captive bearded dragons. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2021 Sep;33(5):932-938. doi: 10.1177/10406387211025651. Epub 2021 Jul 2. PMID: 34210217; PMCID: PMC8366258.
42. LaDouceur EE, Argue A, Garner MM. Alimentary Tract Neoplasia in Captive Bearded Dragons (Pogona spp). J Comp Pathol. 2022 Jun;194:28-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.03.007. Epub 2022 Apr 25. PMID: 35577456.
43. Macêdo IL, Sousa DER, Hirano LQL, Name KPO, Báo SN, Castro MB. Nasal Melanophoroma in a Captive Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana). Top Companion Anim Med. 2020 Nov;41:100463. doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100463. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32823162.
44. Sykes JM 4th, Trupkiewicz JG. Reptile neoplasia at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, 1901-2002. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2006 Mar;37(1):11-9. doi: 10.1638/04-112.1. PMID: 17312806.
45. Dadone LI, Klaphake E, Garner MM, Schwahn D, Sigler L, Trupkiewicz JG, Myers G, Barrie MT. Pituitary cystadenoma, enterolipidosis, and cutaneous mycosis in an Everglades ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2010 Sep;41(3):538-41. doi: 10.1638/2009-0124.1. PMID: 20945658.
46. Duke EG, Harrison SH, Moresco A, Trout T, Troan BV, Garner MM, Smith M, Smith S, Harrison TM. A Multi-Institutional Collaboration to Understand Neoplasia, Treatment and Survival of Snakes. Animals (Basel). 2022 Jan 21;12(3):258. doi: 10.3390/ani12030258. PMID: 35158582; PMCID: PMC8833345.
_||_