Quantity and quality evaluation of the Cellulose Nanocrystalline Production from Date Palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) by Hydrolysis Method
Subject Areas : wasteAli khaziri 1 , Hassan Zaki Dizaji 2 , Mohammad Reza Fathi Emadabadi 3
1 - M.Sc. graduated, Biosystems Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Biosystems Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - Associate Professor, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Keywords: Date leaves, Shadeghan, Cellulose, Nanocrystal, waste management.,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Cellulose in the wastes and losses of the agricultural branch can be a good source to produce cellulose-based valuable materials in the industry. Cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose are extracted and produced by various processes from different natural sources. The subject of this study was to investigate the conditions of acid hydrolysis on the structure of cellulose nanocrystals produced from palm waste. Material and Methodology: In this research, cellulose was first extracted from Date palm leaves, and it was then converted to the cellulose nanocrystal by acid hydrolysis of the nanocrystal cellulose. In this research, the effect of 3 temperature parameters (at 30, 45 and 60 ° C) and 3 time (at 45, 60 and 120 minutes on three levels) on the quality and quantity of nanocrystals from palm tree leaves were investigated. Several experiments with infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size measurement (PSA) techniques were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative qualities such as factor groups, morphology, diameter distribution and shape Nanocrystals have been studied. Findings: The results showed that more severe treatments produce smaller Nano-crystals. The results of the Particle Measurement (PSA) showed that most extractive particles have dimensions ranging from 5 to 100 nanometers and are mostly 30 nm. Also, the results (XRD) showed that extractive nanocellulose had a purity of between 70 and 80 percent. In this study, the time of 60 minutes and 60 Celsius temperatures were identified as the best factors among similar factors. In this treatment, 50% of particles have a mean diameter of 1.37 nm. The maximum and minimum diameter of the observed particles was 6.34 and 0.41 nm, respectively. Also, the results of cellulose extraction from palm leaf showed that increasing the temperature in the lignification and coloring step increases the purity of the extracellular cellulose. In addition, the increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the amount of cellulose produced, possibly due to the increased effect of chemical treatments and cellulose degradation. Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that if the extracted cellulose nanocrystals were transformed into a network, they had the potential to be used in nano filters and nano-scaffolds.
1. Hiasa, S., Iwamoto, S., Endo, T and Edashige, Y. 2014. Isolation of cellulose nanofibrils from mandarin (Citrus unshiu) peel waste. Industrial Crops and Products, 62: 280-285.
2. Nishino, T and Arimoto, N. 2007. All-Cellulose Composite Prepared by Selective Dissolving of Fiber Surface. Biomacromolecules, 8: 2712-2716.
3. Sonkaria, S., Ahn, SH., Khare, V. 2012. Nanotechnology and its impact on food and nutrition: a review. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agriculture, 4: 8–18.
4. Syverud, K., Chinga-carrasco, G., Toledo, J. and Toledo, PG. 2010. A comparative study of Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata pulp fibres as raw materials for production of cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84: 1033–1038
5. Wenshuai, C., Haipeng, Y., Yixing, L., Peng, C., Mingxin, Z., Yunfei, H., 2010. Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate polymers. 83, 1804-1811.
6. Bendahou, A., Dufresne, A., Kaddami, H and Habibi, Y. 2007. Isolation and structural characterization of hemicellulose from palm of phoenix dactylifera L. Carbohydrate polimers 68, 601-608.
7. Coffey, D. G., D. A. Bell and A. Henderson. 1995. “Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. Food Polysaccharides and their Applications. P 124.
8. Wenshuai, C., Haipeng, Y., Yixing, L., Peng, C., Mingxin, Z. and Yunfei, H. 2011. Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83: 1804-1811.
9. Chiraiyl, C J., Mathew, L and Thomas, S. 2014. Review of recent research in nano cellulose preparation from different lignocellulosic fibers, 37: 20-28.
10. Abe, K., Iwamoto, S., & Yano, H. 2007. Obtaining cellulose nanofibers with a uniform width of 15 nm from wood. Biomacromolecules, 8(10): 3276-3278.
11. Chen, W., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Chen, P., Zhang, M., & Hai, Y. 2011. Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(4): 1804-1811.
12. De Morais Teixeira, E.M, Corrêa, A. C., Manzoli, A., de Lima Leite, F., de Oliveira, C. R., &Mattoso, L. H. C. 2010. Cellulose nanofibers from white and naturally colored cotton fibers. Cellulose, 17(3): 595-606.
13. Dufresne, A., Dupeyre, D., &Vignon, M. R. 2000. Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: processing and characterization of starch–cellulose microfibril composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 76(14): 2080-2092.
14. Habibi, Y., Lucia, L.A., Rojas, O.J., 2010. Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, selfassembly, and applications. Chem. Rev. 110, 3479–3500.
15. Rondeau-Mouro, C., Bouchet, B., Pontoire, B., Robert, P., Mazoyer, J., &Buléon, A. 2003. Structural features and potential texturising properties of lemon and maize cellulose microfibrils. Carbohydrate Polymers, 53(3): 241-252.
16. Wang, B., &Sain, M. 2007b. Isolation of nanofibers from soybean source and their reinforcing capability on synthetic polymers. Composites Science and Technology, 67(11-12): 2521-2527.
17. Alemdar, A., &Sain, M. 2008. Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues–Wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresource technology, 99(6): 1664-1671.
18. Wang, B., &Sain, M. 2007a. The effect of chemically coated nanofiber reinforcement on biopolymer based nanocomposites. Bioresources, 2(3): 371-388.
19. Dos Santos Rosa, D., EduardoVolponi, J., &Fassina Guedes, C. d. G. 2006. Biodegradation and the dynamic mechanical properties of starch gelatinization in poly (ε‐caprolactone)/corn starch blends. Journal of applied polymer science, 102(1): 825-832.
20. Li, R., Fei, J., Cai, Y., Li, Y., Feng, J., & Yao, J. 2009. Cellulose whiskers extracted from mulberry: A novel biomass production. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76(1): 94-99.
21. Cherian, B. M., Leão, A. L., de Souza, S. F., Thomas, S., Pothan, L. A., &Kottaisamy, M. 2010. Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81(3): 720-725.
22. Tibolla, H., Pelissari, F. M., Martins, J. T., Vicente, A., &Menegalli, F. C. 2018. Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and mechanical treatments: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment. Food Hydrocolloids, 75: 192-201.
23. Tibolla, H., Pelissari, F. M., Rodrigues, M. I., &Menegalli, F. C. 2017. Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by enzymatic treatment: Study of process conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 95: 664-674.
24. Zuluaga, R., Putaux, J. L., Cruz, J., Vélez, J., Mondragon, I., &Gañán, P. 2009. Cellulose microfibrils from banana rachis: Effect of alkaline treatments on structural and morphological features. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76(1): 51-59.
25. Morán, J. I., Alvarez, V. A., Cyras, V. P., & Vázquez, A. 2008. Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose, 15(1): 149-159.
26. Chen, Y., Liu, C., Chang, P. R., Cao, X., & Anderson, D. P. 2009. Bionanocomposites based on pea starch and cellulose nanowhiskers hydrolyzed from pea hull fiber: effect of hydrolysis time. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76(4): 607-615.
27. Yan, J., Hu, J., Yang, R., Zhang, Z., & Zhao, W. 2018. Innovative Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Rice Straw as Dietary Fiber for Enhanced Health Benefits Prepared by a Green and Scale Production Method. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(3): 3481-3492.
28. Duan, B., Lu, A., Deng, H., Du, Y., Shi, X., & Zhang, L. 2018. Fabrication of cellulose nanofibers from waste brown algae and their potential application as milk thickeners. Food Hydrocolloids.
29. Klemm, D., Cranston, E. D., Fischer, D., Gama, M., Kedzior, S. A., Kralisch, D., Kramer, F., Kondo, T., Lindström, T., & Nietzsche, S. 2011. Nanocellulose as a natural source for groundbreaking applications in materials science: Today’s state. Materials Today.
30. Siqueira, G., Bras, J and Dufresne, A. 2010. Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation: Properties and Applications. Polimers, 2, 728-765.
31. Brinchi, L., Cotana, F., Fortunati, E. and Kenny, JM. 2013. Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydr Polymers, 94: 154-169.
32. Xhanari, K., Syverud, K., Chinga-Carrasco, G., Paso, K., &Stenius, P. 2011. Reduction of water wettability of nanofibrillated cellulose by adsorption of cationic surfactants. Cellulose, 18(2), 257–270.
33. FlauzinoNeto, W.P., Silverio, H.A., Dantas, N.O. andPasquini, D. 2013. Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agro-industrial residue–Soy hulls. Industrial Crops and Products, 42:480-488.
34. Henrique, M.A., Silverio, H.A., FlauzinoNeto, W.P. and Pasquini, D. 2013. Valorization of an Agro-Industrial Waste, Mango Seed, by the Extraction and Characterization of Its Cellulose Nanocrystals. Environ Manage, 121:202-209.
35. Wang, Z., Bo, N., Liu, Y., Yang, G., Lv, G. and Liu,Y. 2013. Modification of Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp by p-DMA-co-ECH and Its Application for the Removal of Acid Scarlet G in Aqueous Solution. BioResources, 8(4): 5184-5201.
36. Elazzouzi-Hafraoui, S., Nishiyama, Y., Putaux , JL., Heux, L., Dubreuil, F.andRochas, C. 2008. The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules, 9(1):57-65.
37. Fan, J. and Li, Y.2012. Maximizing the yield of nanocrystalline cellulose from cotton pulp fiber. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88(4):1184-1188.
38. Beck-Candanedo, S., Roman, M.andGray, DG. 2005. Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromolecules, 6(2):1048-54.
39. Mehri, E., Ghasemian, A., Afra, E., and Jafari Petroudi, S.R. 2015. Production of Cellulose Nanowhisker from bamboo and Evaluation of Its Properties. J. of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 21 (4): 115-130. (InFarsi)
40. Mahseswari, U., Obi reddy, K., Muzenda, E., Guduri, B.R and VaradaRajulu, A. 2012. Extraction and characterization of cellulose microfibrils from agricultural residue - Cocos nucifera L. Biomass and bioenergy, 46, 555-563.
41. Teixeira, E. D., Carolina, A and Manzoli, A. 2010. Cellulose nanofibers from white and naturally colored cotton fibers. Cellulose, 17, 595- 606.
42. Kargarzadeh, H., Ahmad, I., Abdullah, I., Dufresne, A., Zainudin, S. Y., Sheltami, R. M. 2012. “Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers”. Cellulose, 19: 855–866.
43. Segal, L., Creely, J. J., Martin, A. E., & Conrad, C. M. 1959. An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Textile Research Journal, 29(10): 786–794.
44. Moriana, R. F. Vilaplana, M. Ek, (2016) “Cellulose Nanocrystals from Forest Residues as Reinforcing Agents for Composites: A Study from Macro- to Nano-Dimensions”, Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers, 139 139–149.
