A review of Water, Energy, and Food Nexus in Iran: Necessity, Challenges and Suggested Solutions
Subject Areas : EnergyReyhaneh Loni 1 , Mahdi Sharifzadeh 2
1 - Sharif Institute of Energy, Water and Environment Sciences and Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Sharif Institute of Energy, Water and Environment Sciences and Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Security of water, energy, and food supply, Suggested solutions, Review of water, Energy, and food nexus, Sustainable development, Necessity of nexus investigation in Iran,
Abstract :
Background and Propose: Due to the world's population grows, water, energy and food supply will be one of the most important challenges in the future. The predictions show the water, energy, and food crisis in the future of Iran and the world. The aim of this study is to review the global challenges as well as challenges in Iran in providing the required water, energy and food resources in the coming years for human societies. The water, energy and food nexus is an overall vision of sustainability that seeks to strike a balance between different goals, interests and needs of people and the environment. The water, energy, and food nexus can be a guide for sustainable development policy in the country to overcome the environmental and water crises in the future. Research Method: In this study, while reviewing the researches conducted regarding the water, energy and food nexus in Iran and the world, it has investigated the challenges and the necessity of investigating this nexus in Iran and the world. Finding: Among the results of this research, the main challenges in the implementation of water, energy and food nexus in Iran can be mentioned, which include: sectorial policies and lack of integrated management, lack of financial resources to carry out projects related to water, energy and food nexus, lack of related information sources and lack of drafting upstream laws in the field of development of water, energy and food nexus. Discussion and Conclusion: In the end, among the conclusions of this study, it is possible to point out suggestions for the development of water, energy, and food nexus, which include: development of cooperation and coordination of all related bodies, including ministries, Islamic Council, universities, associations, companies, determining an institution for policy making and reaching a common consensus, creating and developing the infrastructure of the clearing market of affiliates, developing the digital economy for the development of new technologies related to implementation correlation plans for water, energy and food nexus, land preparation and systematic assessment of natural, social, economic and cultural factors. The reviews and results of this review article can unravel the problems predicted in the future of Iran and the world through correct management and policy.
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Hang MYLP, Martinez-Hernandez E, Leach M, Yang A. Designing integrated local production systems: a study on the food-energy-water nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 135: 1065-84.
Artioli F, Acuto M, McArthur J. The water-energy-food nexus: An integration agenda and implications for urban governance. Political Geography. 2017; 61: 215-23.
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Sharifi Moghadam E, Sadeghi S, Zarghami M, Delavar M. Water-energy-food nexus as a new approach for watershed resources management: a review. Environmental Resources Research. 2019; 7(2): 129-35.
Orsini F, Gasperi D, Marchetti L, Piovene C, Draghetti S, Ramazzotti S, et al. Exploring the production capacity of rooftop gardens (RTGs) in urban agriculture: the potential impact on food and nutrition security, biodiversity and other ecosystem services in the city of Bologna. Food Security. 2014;6(6):781-92.
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Afkhami P, Zarrinpoor N. The energy-water-food-waste-land nexus in a GIS-based biofuel supply chain design: A case study in Fars province, Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022;340:130690.
Esfandiari-Baiat M, Barzegar Z, Yousefi L, Maheshwari B. Urbanisation and its effects on water, food security and energy needs in Iran: a case study of city of The Security of Water, Food, Energy and Liveability of Cities: Springer; 2014. p. 101-12.
Qasemipour E, Abbasi A. Virtual water flow and water footprint assessment of an arid region: A case study of South Khorasan province, Iran. Water. 2019;11(9):1755.
Naderi MM, Mirchi A, Bavani ARM, Goharian E, Madani K. System dynamics simulation of regional water supply and demand using a food-energy-water nexus approach: application to Qazvin Plain, Iran. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 280: 111843.
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Ravar Z, Zahraie B, Sharifinejad A, Gozini H, Jafari S. System dynamics modeling for assessment of water–food–energy resources security and nexus in Gavkhuni basin in Iran. Ecological Indicators. 2020;108:105682.
Sharifinejad A, Zahraie B, Majed V, Ravar Z, Hassani Y. Economic analysis of Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Gavkhuni basin in Iran. Journal of Hydro-environment Research. 2020;31:14-25.
Sadeghi SH, Moghadam ES, Delavar M, Zarghami M. Application of water-energy-food nexus approach for designating optimal agricultural management pattern at a watershed scale. Agricultural Water Management. 2020;233:106071.
Zarei M. The water-energy-food nexus: A holistic approach for resource security in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Water-Energy Nexus. 2020;3:81-94.
Mahdavian SM, Ahmadpour Borazjani M, Mohammadi H, Asgharipour MR, Najafi Alamdarlo H. Assessment of food-energy-environmental pollution nexus in Iran: the nonlinear approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022:1-16.
Saray MH, Baubekova A, Gohari A, Eslamian SS, Klove B, Haghighi AT. Optimization of Water-Energy-Food Nexus considering CO2 emissions from cropland: A case study in northwest Iran. Applied Energy. 2022; 307:118236.
Keyhanpour MJ, Jahromi SHM, Ebrahimi H. System dynamics model of sustainable water resources management using the Nexus Water-Food-Energy approach. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2021; 12(2): 1267-81.
Karamian F, Mirakzadeh AA, Azari A. The water-energy-food nexus in farming: Managerial insights for a more efficient consumption of agricultural inputs. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021;27:1357-71.
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Rezayan A, Rezayan, A. H. Future studies of water crisis in Iran based on processing scenario. Iranian journal of Ecohydrology. 2016; 3: 1-17 (In Persian).
Fuel consumption optimization company. The country's energy optimization market capacity, analysis of strategic challenges and mechanisms (in the mirror of statistics and data displays). 2021 (In Persian).
David LO, Nwulu NI, Aigbavboa CO, Adepoju OO. Integrating fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies into the water, energy & food nexus for sustainable security: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022;363:132522.
Campana PE, Lastanao P, Zainali S, Zhang J, Landelius T, Melton F. Towards an operational irrigation management system for Sweden with a water–food–energy nexus perspective. Agricultural Water Management. 2022;271:107734.
Núñez-López JM, Rubio-Castro E, Ponce-Ortega JM. Optimizing resilience at water-energy-food nexus. Computers & Chemical Engineering. 2022;160:107710.
Mahakhari S, Shahmohammadi A, Visi H, Khoshbakht K. A challenge to achieve sustainable development of water, food and energy nexus. Political research findings. 2016: 1-6 (In Persian).
Feng M, Chen Y, Duan W, Fang G, Jiao L, Sun F, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the water-energy-food nexus in the agricultural management of the Tarim River Basin, Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management. 2022;271:107811.
Bruns A, Meisch S, Ahmed A, Meissner R, Romero-Lankao P. Nexus disrupted: Lived realities and the water-energy-food nexus from an infrastructure perspective. Geoforum. 2022;133:79-88.
Cui S, Wu M, Huang X, Wang X, Cao X. Sustainability and assessment of factors driving the water-energy-food nexus in pumped irrigation systems. Agricultural Water Management. 2022;272:107846.
Hua E, Engel BA, Guan J, Yin J, Wu N, Han X, et al. Synergy and competition of water in Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Insights for sustainability. Energy Conversion and Management. 2022;266:115848.
Zhang P, Cai Y, Zhou Y, Tan Q, Li B, Li B, et al. Quantifying the water-energy-food nexus in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao regions. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2022;29:188-200.
Cansino-Loeza B, del Carmen Munguía-López A, Ponce-Ortega JM. A water-energy-food security nexus framework based on optimal resource allocation. Environmental Science & Policy. 2022;133:1-16.
Mulier MH, Van de Ven F, Kirshen P. Circularity in the Urban Water-Energy-Nutrients-Food Nexus. Energy Nexus. 2022:100081.
Tye MR, Wilhelmi OV, Pierce AL, Sharma S, Nichersu I, Wróblewski M, et al. The food water energy nexus in an urban context: Connecting theory and practice for nexus governance. Earth System Governance. 2022;12:100143.
Bennett G, Cassin J, Carroll N. Natural infrastructure investment and implications for the nexus: A global overview. Ecosystem Services. 2016;17:293-7.
Bauer D, Philbrick M, Vallario B, Battey H, Clement Z, Fields F. The water-energy nexus: Challenges and opportunities. US Department of Energy. 2014.
Chamas Z, Abou Najm M, Al-Hindi M, Yassine A, Khattar R. Sustainable resource optimization under water-energy-food-carbon nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;278:123894.
Lowe BH, Oglethorpe DR, Choudhary S. Shifting from volume to economic value in virtual water allocation problems: a proposed new framework and methodology. Journal of environmental management. 2020; 275: 110239.
Endo A, Yamada M, Miyashita Y, Sugimoto R, Ishii A, Nishijima J, et al. Dynamics of water–energy–food nexus methodology, methods, and tools. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2020; 13: 46-60.
Zhang P, Zhang L, Chang Y, Xu M, Hao Y, Liang S, et al. Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 142: 215-24.
Daher B, Lee S-H, Kaushik V, Blake J, Askariyeh MH, Shafiezadeh H, et al. Towards bridging the water gap in Texas: A water-energy-food nexus approach. Science of the total environment. 2019;647:449-63.
Li G, Huang D, Sun C, Li Y. Developing interpretive structural modeling based on factor analysis for the water-energy-food nexus conundrum. Science of The Total Environment. 2019;651:309-22.
Serrano-Tovar T, Suárez BP, Musicki A, Juan A, Cabello V, Giampietro M. Structuring an integrated water-energy-food nexus assessment of a local wind energy desalination system for irrigation. Science of the total environment. 2019;689:945-57.
Moioli E, Salvati F, Chiesa M, Siecha RT, Manenti F, Laio F, et al. Analysis of the current world biofuel production under a water–food–energy nexus perspective. Advances in water resources. 2018;121:22-31.
Murray R, Holbert KE. Nuclear energy: an introduction to the concepts, systems, and applications of nuclear processes: Elsevier; 2014.
Liu D, Guo S, Liu P, Xiong L, Zou H, Tian J, et al. Optimisation of water-energy nexus based on its diagram in cascade reservoir system. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 569: 347-58.
Amjath-Babu T, Sharma B, Brouwer R, Rasul G, Wahid SM, Neupane N, et al. Integrated modelling of the impacts of hydropower projects on the water-food-energy nexus in a transboundary Himalayan river basin. Applied energy. 2019; 239: 494-503.
Nie Y, Avraamidou S, Xiao X, Pistikopoulos EN, Li J, Zeng Y, et al. A Food-Energy-Water Nexus approach for land use optimization. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 659: 7-19.
Siaw MNK, Oduro-Koranteng EA, Dartey YOO. Food-energy-water nexus: Food waste recycling system for energy. Energy Nexus. 2022; 5: 100053.
Zhang J, Wang S, Pradhan P, Zhao W, Fu B. Mapping the complexity of the food-energy-water nexus from the lens of Sustainable Development Goals in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2022; 183: 106357.
Fang K, Heijungs R, de Snoo GR. Theoretical exploration for the combination of the ecological, energy, carbon, and water footprints: Overview of a footprint family. Ecological Indicators. 2014;36:508-18.
Hang MYLP, Martinez-Hernandez E, Leach M, Yang A. Designing integrated local production systems: a study on the food-energy-water nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 135: 1065-84.
Artioli F, Acuto M, McArthur J. The water-energy-food nexus: An integration agenda and implications for urban governance. Political Geography. 2017; 61: 215-23.
Hagemann N, Kirschke S. Key issues of interdisciplinary NEXUS governance analyses: Lessons learned from research on integrated water resources management. Resources. 2017; 6(1):9.
Sharifi Moghadam E, Sadeghi S, Zarghami M, Delavar M. Water-energy-food nexus as a new approach for watershed resources management: a review. Environmental Resources Research. 2019; 7(2): 129-35.
Orsini F, Gasperi D, Marchetti L, Piovene C, Draghetti S, Ramazzotti S, et al. Exploring the production capacity of rooftop gardens (RTGs) in urban agriculture: the potential impact on food and nutrition security, biodiversity and other ecosystem services in the city of Bologna. Food Security. 2014;6(6):781-92.
Community Garden of via Gandusio [WWW Document]. URL, 10.28.20. [Internet]. 2017.
Amsterdam Rainproof Het Polderdak [WWW Document]. URL, 31.05.20. [Internet]. 2015.
Water Decelerating Green Strip [WWW Document]. URL, 10.28.20. [Internet]. 2017.
How the Chicago City Hall Green Roof Is Greening the Concrete Jungle [WWW Document]. URL, 5.31.20. [Internet]. 2015.
Southmead Hospital Brunel Building [WWW Document]. URL, 5.31.20. [Internet]. 2020.
Development of Public Orchard and Nectar Garden [WWW Document]. URL, 10.28.20. [Internet]. 2017.
Rethinking the Urban Space with the ASLA Headquarters [WWW Document]. URL, 5.31.20. [Internet]. 2015.
ASLA Headquarters Green Roofs [WWW Document]. URL, 29.11.20. [Internet].
Three Years Later: California Academy of Sciences’ Living Roof Also Educates the Design Community [WWW Document]. URL, 31.05.20. [Internet]. 2011.
Renzo Piano Building Workshop, la California Academy of Sciences vista da vicino [Internet]. 2017.
Baek S, Han M, editors. Water-Energy-Food Nexus of Concave Green-Roof in SNU. Proceedings of the 8th Conference of theInternational Forum on Urbanism, Incheon, Korea; 2015.
Åstebøl SO, Hvitved-Jacobsen T, Simonsen Ø. Sustainable stormwater management at Fornebu—from an airport to an industrial and residential area of the city of Oslo, Norway. Science of the total environment. 2004;334:239-49.
Fornebu Stormwater Management System [WWW Document]. URL, 10.28.20. [Internet]. 2017.
Sustainable Stormwater Management and Green Infrastructure in Fornebu. Norway [WWW Document]. URL, 10.28.20. [Internet]. 2015.
Norouzi N. Presenting a conceptual model of water-energy-food nexus in Iran. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. 2022;4:100119.
Afkhami P, Zarrinpoor N. The energy-water-food-waste-land nexus in a GIS-based biofuel supply chain design: A case study in Fars province, Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022;340:130690.
Esfandiari-Baiat M, Barzegar Z, Yousefi L, Maheshwari B. Urbanisation and its effects on water, food security and energy needs in Iran: a case study of city of The Security of Water, Food, Energy and Liveability of Cities: Springer; 2014. p. 101-12.
Qasemipour E, Abbasi A. Virtual water flow and water footprint assessment of an arid region: A case study of South Khorasan province, Iran. Water. 2019;11(9):1755.
Naderi MM, Mirchi A, Bavani ARM, Goharian E, Madani K. System dynamics simulation of regional water supply and demand using a food-energy-water nexus approach: application to Qazvin Plain, Iran. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 280: 111843.
Sadeghi SH, Sharifi Moghadam E. Integrated Watershed Management Vis-a-Vis Water–Energy–Food Nexus. The Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Springer; 2021. p. 69-96.
Bakhshianlamouki E, Masia S, Karimi P, van der Zaag P, Sušnik J. A system dynamics model to quantify the impacts of restoration measures on the water-energy-food nexus in the Urmia lake Basin, Iran. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;708:134874.
Ravar Z, Zahraie B, Sharifinejad A, Gozini H, Jafari S. System dynamics modeling for assessment of water–food–energy resources security and nexus in Gavkhuni basin in Iran. Ecological Indicators. 2020;108:105682.
Sharifinejad A, Zahraie B, Majed V, Ravar Z, Hassani Y. Economic analysis of Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Gavkhuni basin in Iran. Journal of Hydro-environment Research. 2020;31:14-25.
Sadeghi SH, Moghadam ES, Delavar M, Zarghami M. Application of water-energy-food nexus approach for designating optimal agricultural management pattern at a watershed scale. Agricultural Water Management. 2020;233:106071.
Zarei M. The water-energy-food nexus: A holistic approach for resource security in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Water-Energy Nexus. 2020;3:81-94.
Mahdavian SM, Ahmadpour Borazjani M, Mohammadi H, Asgharipour MR, Najafi Alamdarlo H. Assessment of food-energy-environmental pollution nexus in Iran: the nonlinear approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022:1-16.
Saray MH, Baubekova A, Gohari A, Eslamian SS, Klove B, Haghighi AT. Optimization of Water-Energy-Food Nexus considering CO2 emissions from cropland: A case study in northwest Iran. Applied Energy. 2022; 307:118236.
Keyhanpour MJ, Jahromi SHM, Ebrahimi H. System dynamics model of sustainable water resources management using the Nexus Water-Food-Energy approach. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2021; 12(2): 1267-81.
Karamian F, Mirakzadeh AA, Azari A. The water-energy-food nexus in farming: Managerial insights for a more efficient consumption of agricultural inputs. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021;27:1357-71.
Mirzaei A, Saghafian B, Mirchi A, Madani K. The groundwater‒energy‒food nexus in Iran’s agricultural sector: implications for water security. Water. 2019;11(9):1835.
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/picture.htm [Internet].
Keating BA, Herrero M, Carberry PS, Gardner J, Cole MB. Food wedges: framing the global food demand and supply challenge towards 2050. Global Food Security. 2014;3(3-4):125-32.
https://www.oecd.org [Internet].
https://www.wri.org/data/water-stress-country [Internet].
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